| 1 | Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi 2000 -1 102: 1157-86 |
|---|---|
| PMID | 11215415 |
| Title | [On the improvement of everyday life behavior of chronic schizophrenic patients; from the viewpoint of "play-like behavior"]. |
| Abstract | In this study, the author examined the behavioral patterns of chronic schizophrenic inpatients to follow the process of the amelioration of abulic symptoms such as loss of interest, poverty of thought, lack of sociality, and poor communication. In everyday life in the ward, abulic patients had difficulties in accomplishing not only the basic habitual acts such as getting up or going to bed regularly, exchanging greetings, cleaning teeth, bathing, and washing clothes, but also their assigned duties on the ward. Furthermore, they were unable to behave according to the rules for inpatients, express their emotions appropriately, or build normal interpersonal relationship. The author found that five inpatients achieved some spontaneous behaviors of their own choices in the process of improvement in the above-mentioned habitual acts. As these spontaneous behaviors proceeded through several phases, obvious improvements in their behavioral patterns in everyday life were also observed. The initial phase of transient spontaneous behavior was followed by the second phase of continual spontaneous behavior. Finally, in the interview sessions, the patients became to express pleasurable emotions and physical feelings when they performed their own acts of continual spontaneous behavior. This phenomenon seemed valuable in the therapeutic context because schizophrenic patients are considered seldom capable of having positive feelings toward their own experiences. Therefore, these pleasurable continual spontaneous behaviors may be called "play-like behavior", as confirmed by comparison with the properties of "play" as defined by Caillois. In considering schizophrenic autism, Minkowski described "activité autiste" as an intrinsic quality of the way of life in schizophrenic patients. The manifestation of such quality in spontaneous behaviors can be regarded as having two meanings; an aspect of pathological acting out and a sign of recovery to realistic behaviors. Therapists should consider both aspects when conducting therapies. Although the patients regained the habits and norms of everyday life during hospitalization, the rules involved in "play-like" behavior seemed to contradict some rules in the habitual acts or assigned duties in their daily lives because within "play-like" behavior, freedom predominates over rules. The rules in "play-like" behavior are acquired mostly by mimicking other people. These rules are not fixed laws with penalties but are changeable rules depending on the circumstances of the behavioral process. From this viewpoint, "play-like" behavior allows the patients to acquire practical rules and to understand the relative nature of the rules. Most of the "play-like" behaviors originate from the preferences of the individual patients, which may be something that they have already experienced, something that they have longed for, or something that gives them self-fulfillment. These qualities contribute to the acquisition of experiences that they find pleasurable. For the patients, recalling each "play-like" behavior in the interview sessions enables them to GRASP the whole picture of their behaviors, to reinforce their attachment to these behaviors as their own experiences, and to promote the dynamic process between behavior and thought. In this sense, psychotherapy incorporating the aspect of "play-like" behavior seems to prepare the schizophrenic patients to improve their way of thinking. To nurture "play-like" behavior helps the chronic schizophrenic patients to recover will power, independence and sociality, and contributes to the improvement of clinical symptoms and of daily life activities. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics, schizophrenias |
| 2 | Schizophr Bull 2002 -1 28: 1-4 |
| PMID | 12047008 |
| Title | Editor's introduction: antipsychotic prescribing practices. |
| Abstract | This commentary is an introduction to a set of articles reviewing antipsychotic prescribing practices for individuals with schizophrenia, noting where these practice patterns conform to or deviate from evidence-based practice, and identifying the pressing research questions raised by these variations. The delineation of practices supported by the evidence base is crucial for the practical concerns of creating practice guidelines and monitoring performance, as well as for identifying areas where the reach of clinical practice must exceed the GRASP of current knowledge. These gaps in knowledge should guide the development of a research agenda that addresses pressing questions commonly confronted in everyday practice. We know from the schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) project and other surveys that clinically significant research findings are not making their way into practice. Additionally, as the articles assembled here indicate, questions of pressing importance in routine practice have yet to make their way into research agendas. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics, schizophrenias |
| 3 | Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2004 Oct 1025: 57-61 |
| PMID | 15542700 |
| Title | Serial analysis of gene expression in methamphetamine- and phencyclidine-treated rodent cerebral cortices: are there common mechanisms? |
| Abstract | Pharmacological actions of methamphetamine (METH) and phencyclidine (PCP) are different, but both of them can induce similar psychiatric disorders including abuse, intoxication, withdrawal, and psychotic symptoms like those of schizophrenia. These mental disorders are caused not only by their direct pharmacological effects, but also by secondary brain damage containing gene expression changes. In order to broadly GRASP these alterations, we used serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), a transcriptome analysis. We analyzed three cDNA libraries from cerebral cortices of saline (1 mL/kg)-, METH (4 mg/kg)-, or PCP (10 mg/kg)-treated Wistar rats (one hour after i.p. administration). The numbers of total tags were about 50,000 in each library, and approximately 18,000 kinds of tags were identified respectively. From the comparisons of three groups, we found both METH- and PCP-reactive genes. Upregulated genes contained calmodulin 2, stromal cell-derived factor receptor 1, brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein 2, ras homologue enriched in brain, basigin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Downregulated genes contained lipocalin 2, aldolase A, importin 13, fatty acid binding protein 3, and glycine receptor alpha2 subunit. These data suggest important clues of common molecular basis in METH- and PCP-related psychiatric disorders. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics, schizophrenias |
| 4 | Br J Psychiatry Suppl 2005 Aug 48: s111-2 |
| PMID | 16055798 |
| Title | Clinical detection of schizophrenia-prone individuals: critical appraisal. |
| Abstract | Issues that undermine the early detection of schizophrenia include an inadequate GRASP of the construct validity of the concept of schizophrenia, insufficient conceptualisation of psychosis and of the illness onset, and a general lack of a theoretical framework for psychopathology. Subjective experience is emphasised as a potentially promising domain for future research. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics, schizophrenias |
| 5 | Br J Psychiatry 2007 Aug 191: 120-5 |
| PMID | 17666495 |
| Title | Frontal release signs and cognition in people with schizophrenia, their siblings and healthy controls. |
| Abstract | Frontal release signs, a subset of neurological soft signs, are common in schizophrenia. To explore the relationship between frontal release signs and neuropsychological tests of frontal lobe function in people with schizophrenia, their siblings and healthy controls. Neuropsychological tests and frontal release signs were measured in a cohort of index cases (n=302), their siblings (n=240) and healthy controls (n=346). The mean total score of frontal release signs was 1.5 (s.d.=1.58) in the schizophrenia group, 0.54 (s.d.=0.92) for siblings and 0.42 (s.d.=0.77) for controls. schizophrenia group scores were greater than healthy control or sibling cohort scores (P < 0.0001), which did not differ. In all three cohorts, right GRASP reflex scores positively correlated with number of perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sort Task (P < 0.05). In the schizophrenia group, frontal release signs scores showed an inverse correlation with IQ (R=-0.199, P < 0.0005). Our findings of relationships between frontal release signs and cognitive assays of cortical dysfunction and the increased frequency of these signs in people with schizophrenia implicate a cortical origin for these clinical signs and evidence of frontal lobe dysfunction in this disorder. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics, schizophrenias |
| 6 | Conscious Cogn 2008 Sep 17: 778-89 |
| PMID | 18394921 |
| Title | Know yourself and you shall know the other... to a certain extent: multiple paths of influence of self-reflection on mindreading. |
| Abstract | Social and neurocognitive research suggests that thinking about one's own thinking and thinking about the thinking of others-termed 'mindreading', 'metacognition', 'social cognition' or 'mentalizing' are not identical activities. The ability though to think about thinking in the first person is nevertheless related to the ability to think about other's thoughts in the third person. Unclear is how these phenomena influence one another. In this review, we explore how self-reflection and autobiographical memory influence the capacity to think about the thoughts and emotions of others. We review studies suggesting that the more individuals are able to reflect on and retrieve episodes from their life narratives, the more they are likely to GRASP others' thoughts and emotions. We discuss evidence supporting this possibility including studies of the neurocognitive bases of empathy and self-awareness and how different aspects of self-reflection may impact on mindreading. We also draw from clinical reports how improved self-reflection may result in a more nuanced mindreading, namely persons suffering from schizophrenia and narcissistic personality disorder. We finally discuss the implications for research and practice and consider whether there are conditions in which the reverse is true, where self-reflection might impair mindreading or in which mindreading may facilitate self-reflection. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics, schizophrenias |
| 7 | J Am Acad Relig 2009 -1 77: 238-74 |
| PMID | 20681086 |
| Title | Grasping at ontological straws: overcoming reductionism in the Advaita Ved?nta-Neuroscience dialogue. |
| Abstract | Contemporary neuropsychology reveals that the parietal lobe contains neurons that are specifically attuned to the act of GRASPing and this act may be fundamental to the establishment of the phenomenal boundaries between subject and object. Furthermore, alterations to this process, such as the hypoactivation of this region during meditation or the hyperactivation associated with schizophrenia, may eliminate or confuse, respectively, the phenomenal boundaries between subject and object. Traversing disciplines, the Advaita Ved?nta school of Hinduism traces some of its key terms for subject and object to the verbal root grah, to GRASP. The subject is literally the GRASPer. Furthermore, the practice of aspar?a yoga, the yoga of no-touch, is aimed at stopping, hypoactivating, the GRASPing process in order to transcend all subject-object boundaries. This paper will argue that while we have not uncovered an identity of thought, we have uncovered a confluence of ideas between these two disciplines. We will see that this confluence of ideas has not pitted the believer against the critic-not forced us into the great reductionism debate that has dominated so much of the interchange between religious studies and the sciences. This case study will illuminate some of the methodological ways around this reductionism battle and also the boundaries of both disciplines for the intellectual benefit of each. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics, schizophrenias |
| 8 | Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012 -1 12: 579-613 |
| PMID | 22367920 |
| Title | The cognitive genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders. |
| Abstract | Classification in psychiatry is heavily dependent on clinical symptoms and illness course. This ignores the critical role that cognitive problems play in neuropsychiatric disorders affecting different domains across the lifespan, from ADHD and autism to schizophrenia and Alzheimers disease. At this point, it is unclear whether cognitive mechanisms are specific to disorders, whether multiple processes can contribute to the same disorder, or whether aberrant neural processing can result in many different phenotypic outcomes. Understanding this would allow us to better GRASP normal as well as pathological brain function. This could inform diagnostics based on understanding of neurophysiological processes and the consequent development of new therapeutics. Genetics, and the development of genomic research, offers real opportunities to understand the molecular mechanisms relevant to cognition. This chapter defines and describes the main cognitive phenotypes, which are investigated in psychiatric disorders. We review evidence for their heritability and early progress in the field using cytogenetic, linkage and candidate gene-based research methodologies. With high-throughput genomics it is now possible to explore novel common and rare risk variants for psychiatric disorders and their role in cognitive function at a genome-wide level. We review the results of early genomic studies and discuss the novel insights that they are starting to provide. Finally, we review the analysis of whole-genome DNA sequence data and the challenges that this will bring for cognitive genomics research. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics, schizophrenias |
| 9 | Int J Clin Exp Med 2014 -1 7: 177-85 |
| PMID | 24482705 |
| Title | Using focus groups to design a psychoeducation program for patients with schizophrenia and their family members. |
| Abstract | The purpose of this project was to determine what factors to be considered in planning a psychoeducation program to better meet the needs of patients with schizophrenia and their family members. Three focus group sessions were conducted and recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by members of the research team. Patients hoped to GRASP the fullest possible knowledge about schizophrenia, whereas the factors influencing the efficacy of the schizophrenia health education curriculum included: discrimination, non-understanding of family members, easy to forget, unreasonable timetable. Health education was mainly in the form of classroom teaching. 1. At present, there are a few psychiatric education courses in China; 2. Patients and their family members are eager to acquire knowledge about the contents of schizophrenia; 3. Misconceptions would hinder the rehabilitation of patients; 4. Worry about being discriminated; 5. There is a different knowledge demand between the patients and their family members. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics, schizophrenias |
| 10 | Brain Behav. Immun. 2014 Jan 35: 144-54 |
| PMID | 24064370 |
| Title | Do prenatal immune activation and maternal iron deficiency interact to affect neurodevelopment and early behavior in rat offspring? |
| Abstract | Infection and iron deficiency are common during pregnancy and studies have described altered brain development in the offspring as a result of these individual maternal exposures. Both exposures have been identified as risk factors for schizophrenia yet they have never been modeled simultaneously. We developed a rat model of prenatal immune activation on a background of maternal iron deficiency to determine whether these factors interact to affect neurodevelopment and early behavior in offspring. Pregnant rats were placed on iron sufficient (IS) or iron deficient (ID) diets from E2 to P7, and administered LPS or saline on E15/16. Iron was reduced in liver, spleen, serum and placenta from ID dams by E15. LPS administration on E15 caused greater induction of serum interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-? in ID dams compared to IS dams. Offspring (P0, P7) from ID dams had reduced iron in spleen, liver and brain compared to IS, which normalized by P21. Pups from ID dams showed differences in forelimb GRASP and acoustic startle, whilst pups from LPS dams displayed differences in grip ability, geotaxis reflex, cliff avoidance and acoustic startle. Offspring from LPS dams displayed reduced locomotor activity at P7 and P60; offspring from ID dams showed no change. Our findings show effects of prenatal LPS and maternal iron deficiency were additive, such that offspring exposed to both insults displayed more neurodevelopmental abnormalities than offspring exposed to one alone. Yet surprisingly there was no interaction between factors, suggesting independent mechanisms of action. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics, schizophrenias |
| 11 | Acta Neuropathol. 2015 Jul 130: 119-29 |
| PMID | 25778620 |
| Title | Alterations of mGluR5 and its endogenous regulators Norbin, Tamalin and Preso1 in schizophrenia: towards a model of mGluR5 dysregulation. |
| Abstract | Knockout of genes encoding metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) or its endogenous regulators, such as Norbin, induce a schizophrenia-like phenotype in rodents, suggesting dysregulation of mGluR5 in schizophrenia. Human genetic and pharmacological animal studies support this hypothesis, but no studies have explored mGluR5 dysfunction at the molecular level in the postmortem schizophrenia brain. We assessed mGluR5 mRNA and protein levels in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using a large cohort of schizophrenia and control subjects (n = 37/group), and additionally measured protein levels of recently discovered mGluR5 endogenous regulators, Norbin (neurochondrin), Tamalin (GRASP-1), and Preso1 (FRMPD4), which regulate mGluR5 localization, internalization and signaling. While mGluR5 mRNA expression was unchanged, mGluR5 protein levels were significantly higher in schizophrenia subjects compared to controls (total: +22%; dimer: +54%; p < 0.001). Conversely, mGluR5 regulatory proteins were expressed at lower levels in schizophrenia subjects compared to controls (Norbin -37%, p < 0.001; Tamalin -30%, p = 0.084; Preso1 -29%, p = 0.001). mGluR5 protein was significantly associated with mGluR5 mRNA and mGluR5 endogenous regulators in control subjects, but these associations were lost in schizophrenia subjects. Lastly, there were no associations between protein measures and lifetime antipsychotic history in schizophrenia subjects. To confirm no antipsychotic influence, all proteins were measured in the prefrontal cortex of rats exposed to haloperidol or olanzapine; there were no effects of antipsychotic drug treatment on mGluR5, Norbin, Tamalin or Preso1. The results from our study provide compelling evidence that mGluR5 regulation is altered in schizophrenia, likely contributing to the altered glutamatergic signaling that is associated with the disorder. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics, schizophrenias |