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Browse through the available data by virus or chromosome.

Virus ☛

AAV2

Virus Name	Full name	Summary
AAV2	Adeno-associated virus type 2	AAV2 is a non-pathogenic human parvovirus that requires co-infection with a helper virus (like adenovirus or herpesvirus) to replicate. It has not been associated with any known human disease and is considered non-pathogenic. Due to its low immunogenicity and ability to deliver genes, AAV2 is widely used in gene therapy and biomedical research. Despite recent studies exploring links to liver cancer, AAV2 is generally regarded as safe and stable in therapeutic contexts. [More info]

BKPyV

Virus Name	Full name	Summary
BKPyV	BK polyomavirus	BK polyomavirus is a human polyomavirus that typically causes asymptomatic infections in childhood and then remains latent in the kidneys. It can reactivate in immunocompromised individuals, particularly in kidney transplant recipients, where it can lead to BK virus-associated nephropathy, a major cause of graft failure. Transmission likely occurs via respiratory or urinary routes. Most adults carry the virus latently without symptoms. It is one of several human polyomaviruses with clinical relevance under specific conditions. [More info]

EBV

Virus Name	Full name	Summary
EBV	Epstein-Barr Virus	Epstein-Barr virus is a human herpesvirus (HHV-4) that infects over 90% of the global population. It primarily targets B lymphocytes and epithelial cells, and is best known for causing infectious mononucleosis ("mono" or the "kissing disease"). EBV establishes a lifelong latent infection and is linked to several human cancers, including Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It is also associated with certain autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. EBV is transmitted through saliva and occasionally via organ transplant or blood transfusion. [More info]

HBV

Virus Name	Full name	Summary
HBV	Hepatitis B virus	Hepatitis B virus is a human-infecting DNA virus that targets liver cells. It is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV is transmitted through blood, sexual contact, and perinatal exposure. It is preventable through a highly effective vaccine, but chronic infection still affects over 250 million people worldwide. HBV is a serious global health concern, especially in Asia and Africa. [More info]

HHV7

Virus Name	Full name	Summary
HHV7	Human herpesvirus 7	Human herpesvirus 7 is a T-lymphotropic virus from the Herpesviridae family, typically infecting humans in early childhood. It is closely related to HHV-6 and is usually acquired after HHV-6 infection. HHV-7 can cause roseola (exanthem subitum), febrile seizures, or remain asymptomatic. Like other herpesviruses, it establishes lifelong latency. Its clinical impact is generally mild, but reactivation may cause complications in immunocompromised patients.

HIV

Virus Name	Full name	Summary
HIV	Human Immunodeficiency Virus	HIV is a retrovirus that infects humans exclusively, attacking the immune system by targeting CD4+ T cells. It causes AIDS, a condition where the immune system becomes severely weakened, leading to life-threatening infections and cancers. HIV is transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and from mother to child. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress the virus effectively, allowing individuals to live long, healthy lives. There is no cure yet, but treatment and prevention have greatly improved. [More info]

HPV

Virus Name	Full name	Summary
HPV	Human Papillomavirus	HPV is a large group of human-specific DNA viruses that infect skin and mucosal surfaces. While many types are harmless or cause warts, high-risk types like HPV-16 and HPV-18 are strongly associated with cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Vaccines are available to protect against the most dangerous strains. Persistent HPV infection is a leading cause of virus-associated cancers worldwide. [More info]

HTLV-1

Virus Name	Full name	Summary
HTLV-1	Human T-lymphotropic Virus	Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus closely related to HIV that causes a lifelong chronic infection in humans. It spreads through breastfeeding, sexual contact, sharing needles, and unsafe blood transfusions. HTLV-1 can lead to a variety of health problems, including weakened immune function (immunosuppression), inflammation of the eyes (uveitis) and skin (dermatitis), and lung inflammation (pneumonitis). In some cases, the virus may cause cancer, specifically adult T-cell leukemia, as well as neurological disorders like HTLV-1 associated myelopathy and spastic paraparesis. [More info]

MCV

Virus Name	Full name	Summary
MCV	Merkel cell polyomavirus	Merkel cell polyomavirus is a human polyomavirus discovered in 2008. It is strongly associated with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare but aggressive skin cancer mostly affecting older or immunocompromised individuals. MCPyV is present in the skin of many healthy people and is usually harmless. However, mutations and viral integration into the host genome are key events in cancer development. It is one of the few human viruses linked to oncogenesis in the skin. [More info]

MLV

Virus Name	Full name	Summary
MLV	Murine leukemia virus	MLV is a retrovirus that naturally infects mice, not humans. However, it is widely used in gene therapy and cancer research due to its ability to integrate into host genomes. While some MLV-derived vectors can infect human cells in the lab, MLV itself is not a natural human pathogen. Studies involving MLV have been crucial in understanding retroviral biology and the development of viral vectors for therapeutic use. [More info]

XMRV

Virus Name	Full name	Summary
XMRV	Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus	XMRV was initially believed to be a human retrovirus linked to prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome, but later proven to be a laboratory contaminant. It originated from the recombination of murine leukemia viruses in lab mice and was not naturally present in humans. Though briefly considered a human pathogen, XMRV is now regarded as a non-human virus artifact. Its discovery and retraction highlight the importance of contamination control in virology research. [More info]

Diseases ☛

Disease Name	Publication Count	Virus	VIS Count
Adenocarcinoma	5	HPV, MCV	31
Summary: Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancerous tumor that originates from glandular tissue and epithelial cells. It is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells and can occur in various parts of the body. Adenocarcinomas are classified based on growth patterns and secreting products, with examples including breast, lung, renal, liver, colon, and prostate adenocarcinomas. The term adenocarcinoma is sometimes omitted in specific cancer names, such as invasive ductal carcinoma in breast cancer, but used to differentiate esophageal adenocarcinoma from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The different types of adenocarcinoma vary greatly, making generalizations challenging. Links: VIS Table \| Malacards
Adenosquamous carcinoma	2	HPV	27
Summary: Adenosquamous carcinoma is a type of cancer that consists of squamous cells and gland-like cells. It is associated with more aggressive characteristics compared to adenocarcinoma in certain cancers and accounts for 1% to 4% of exocrine pancreas cancer. Links: VIS Table \| Malacards
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma	6	HTLV-1	42719
Summary: AdultT-cellleukemia/lymphoma is a rare tumor associated with humanT-cellleukemiavirus type 1 (HTLV-1). It is characterized by the presence of anti-HTLV-1 antibodies and malignant, mature CD4+ T cells expressing specific markers. The disease presents as aggressiveleukemiaor lymphoma with skin eruptions and organ involvement. It is a form of T-lymphoblasticleukemia/lymphoma with an abundance ofT-celllymphoblasts in blood, bone marrow, and tissues. The condition is linked to HTLV-1 transmission through sexual contact, contaminated needles, and breastfeeding, leading to skin lesions. Links: VIS Table \| Malacards
AIDS	1	HIV	5392
Summary: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the third stage of HIV/AIDS, caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system, leading to a reduction in CD4 cells, making the body vulnerable to infections and cancers. While there is no cure or vaccine for HIV, antiretroviral treatment can manage the disease, allowing those infected to live normal lives. Without treatment, HIV can progress toAIDS, characterized by opportunistic infections due to a weakened immune system.AIDScan result from the loss of immunoglobulins through the GI tract, kidney, or skin. HIV is transmitted through body fluids and can be managed with lifelong medication to suppress the virus and maintain an undetectable viral load. Links: VIS Table \| KEGG \| Malacards
AIDS dementia	1	HIV	15
Summary: AIDSdementiacomplex is a neurologic condition associated with HIV infection, characterized by impaired memory, concentration, ataxia, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties. Pathological examination reveals white matter rarefaction, lymphocytic infiltrates, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. It is part of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, involving progressive memory, cognition, behavior, and motor function deterioration due to HIV-induced metabolic encephalopathy. Symptoms include cognitive impairment, motor dysfunction, speech issues, and behavioral changes. Histopathologically, it involves monocyte and macrophage infiltration, gliosis, myelin sheath pallor, dendritic process abnormalities, and neuronal loss. Links: VIS Table \| Malacards
AIDS-associated lymphoma	1	HIV	16
Summary: AIDS-related lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, a crucial part of the immune system that defends the body against infections and disease. It occurs in individuals with AIDS, a condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which weakens the immune system. Due to this weakened immunity, people with HIV are more vulnerable to developing infections and cancers, including lymphomas. AIDS is diagnosed when a person with HIV develops certain infections or cancers, such as lymphoma. In some cases, AIDS and lymphoma are diagnosed simultaneously. AIDS-related lymphomas are more aggressive and require prompt medical attention. Links: VIS Table \| Other
Anal intraepithelial neoplasia	1	HPV	5
Summary: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) is a precancerous condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of the anal canal. It is graded based on severity: AIN 1 (low-grade) involves mild abnormal changes, while AIN 2 and AIN 3 (high-grade) indicate more severe changes and a higher risk of developing anal cancer. AIN is often caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV. Links: VIS Table \| Other
Anal squamous cell carcinoma	2	HPV	105
Summary: Anal squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of anal cancer, arising from the squamous cells that line the anal canal. It is strongly associated with persistent infection by high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV-16. Risk factors include receptive anal intercourse, HIV infection, a history of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN), smoking, and immunosuppression. Symptoms may include rectal bleeding, anal pain, itching, or a lump near the anus. Links: VIS Table \| Malacards
Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy	1	HIV	3
Summary: Links: VIS Table
B-cell lymphoma	8	EBV	569
Summary: B-cell lymphomas are a type of lymphoma affecting B cells, which are a form of blood cancer found in lymph nodes. These lymphomas are more common in older adults and immunocompromised individuals. T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma is a subtype of lymphoid leukemia and lymphoma characterized by an excess of T-cell lymphoblasts in the blood, bone marrow, and tissues, particularly in mediastinal lymph nodes. The labeling as leukemia or lymphoma depends on the predominant feature in a given situation, with no biological or treatment implications. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of B-cell lymphoma Links: VIS Table \| Malacards

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Genes ☛

Annotation ☛

Regulatory Overlaps ☛

Motif ▼

AAV2

BKPyV

EBV

HBV

HHV7

HIV

HPV

HTLV-1

MCV

MLV

XMRV

Dataset ☛

PubMed ID	Title	Year	Virus	Count
33051598	Genome-wide profiling of BK polyomavirus integration in bladder cancer of kidney transplant recipients reveals mechanisms of the integration at the nucleotide level.	2021	BKPyV	181
33191407	Human papilloma virus (HPV) integration signature in Cervical Cancer: identification of MACROD2 gene as HPV hot spot integration site.	2021	HPV	554
33205207	Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Integration Status in Tissue Samples of Bladder Cancer in the Chinese Population.	2021	HPV	15
33414372	Molecular characteristics of primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma based on integrated genomic analyses.	2021	EBV	288
33784259	HIV-1 integration sites in CD4+ T cells during primary, chronic, and late presentation of HIV-1 infection.	2021	HIV	589
33785400	Integrated analysis of virus and host transcriptomes in cervical cancer in Asian and Western populations.	2021	HPV	2135
33823910	PCIP-seq: simultaneous sequencing of integrated viral genomes and their insertion sites with long reads.	2021	HIV, HPV	305
33883185	Genomic Landscape of Primary and Recurrent Anal Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Relation to HPV Integration, Copy-Number Variation, and DNA Damage Response Genes.	2021	HPV	99
33947693	The Landscape of Cell-Free HBV Integrations and Mutations in Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients.	2021	HBV	8594
34019588	Epigenomic regulation of human T-cell leukemia virus by chromatin-insulator CTCF.	2021	HTLV-1	15

Statistical Enrichment ☛

Chromosomes ☛

Virus Integration Site Database Data Release 2.0

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