Trait Name |
Trait Full Name |
Panel |
Author |
Year |
Cases* |
Controls |
TAG Set Threshold |
CSEA p (chi2) |
Allergies | Allergies | MTC | Ferreira | 2017 | NA | 180709 | 5.00e-2 | 2.65e-2 |
Allergies | Allergies | MTC | Ferreira | 2017 | NA | 180709 | 1.00e-2 | 1.40e-2 |
Allergies | Allergies | MTC | Ferreira | 2017 | NA | 180709 | 1.00e-3 | 1.55e-3 |
Allergies | Allergies | MTC | Ferreira | 2017 | NA | 180709 | 1.00e-4 | 1.66e-3 |
Allergies | Allergies | MTC | Ferreira | 2017 | NA | 180709 | 1.00e-5 | 5.68e-3 |
Asthma | Asthma | MTC | Demenais | 2017 | 19954 | 107715 | 5.00e-2 | 2.04e-3 |
Asthma | Asthma | MTC | Demenais | 2017 | 19954 | 107715 | 1.00e-2 | 7.63e-3 |
Asthma | Asthma | MTC | Demenais | 2017 | 19954 | 107715 | 1.00e-3 | 1.16e-2 |
Asthma | Asthma | MTC | Demenais | 2017 | 19954 | 107715 | 1.00e-4 | 2.70e-2 |
Asthma | Asthma | MTC | Demenais | 2017 | 19954 | 107715 | 1.00e-5 | 9.42e-3 |
Asthma | Asthma | MTC | Moffatt | 2010 | 10365 | 16110 | 1.00e-2 | 4.12e-2 |
CD | Crohn's disease | MTC | Franke | 2010 | 6333 | 15056 | 5.00e-2 | 3.81e-2 |
CD | Crohn's disease | MTC | Franke | 2010 | 6333 | 15056 | 1.00e-2 | 1.52e-3 |
CD | Crohn's disease | MTC | Franke | 2010 | 6333 | 15056 | 1.00e-4 | 4.65e-2 |
MS | Multiple Sclerosis | MTC | Hafler | 2007 | 931 | 2431 | 5.00e-2 | 3.49e-2 |
Parkinsons | Parkinson's Disease | MTC | Pankratz | 2012 | 4238 | 4239 | 1.00e-2 | 4.27e-2 |
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | MTC | Ji | 2017 | 2871 | 12019 | 5.00e-2 | 2.88e-2 |
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | MTC | Ji | 2017 | 2871 | 12019 | 1.00e-3 | 4.24e-2 |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | Rheumatoid Arthritis | ETC | Stahl | 2010 | 5539 | 20169 | 5.00e-2 | 3.93e-4 |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | Rheumatoid Arthritis | ETC | Stahl | 2010 | 5539 | 20169 | 1.00e-2 | 2.98e-5 |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | Rheumatoid Arthritis | ETC | Stahl | 2010 | 5539 | 20169 | 1.00e-3 | 6.94e-6 |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | Rheumatoid Arthritis | ETC | Stahl | 2010 | 5539 | 20169 | 1.00e-4 | 9.18e-4 |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | Rheumatoid Arthritis | ETC | Stahl | 2010 | 5539 | 20169 | 1.00e-5 | 6.24e-3 |
Tetralogy Of Fallot | Tetralogy Of Fallot | MTC | Cordell | 2013 | 835 | 5159 | 5.00e-2 | 2.58e-2 |
Tetralogy Of Fallot | Tetralogy Of Fallot | MTC | Cordell | 2013 | 835 | 5159 | 1.00e-2 | 2.56e-2 |
UC | Ulcerative Colitis | MTC | Anderson | 2011 | 6687 | 19718 | 1.00e-2 | 3.62e-2 |
UC | Ulcerative Colitis | MTC | Anderson | 2011 | 6687 | 19718 | 1.00e-3 | 1.79e-2 |
UC | Ulcerative Colitis | MTC | Anderson | 2011 | 6687 | 19718 | 1.00e-4 | 1.28e-2 |
UC | Ulcerative Colitis | MTC | Anderson | 2011 | 6687 | 19718 | 1.00e-5 | 1.42e-2 |
Warfarin maintenance dose | Warfarin maintenance dose | MTC | Cooper | 2008 | NA | 181 | 1.00e-3 | 3.86e-2 |
Albuminuria | Microalbuminuria | MTC | Boger | 2011 | NA | 31580 | 5.00e-2 | 1.55e-2 |
Alzheimers Protein Levels | Phosphorylated Tau Position 181 | MTC | Ramirez | 2014 | NA | 363 | 5.00e-2 | 3.93e-2 |
Aortic Valve Calcification | Aortic Valve Calcification | MTC | Thanassoulis | 2013 | NA | 6942 | 1.00e-2 | 3.12e-2 |
Blood Cells | Lymphocyte Counts | MTC | Ferreira | 2009 | NA | 6015 | 5.00e-2 | 1.70e-2 |
Blood Cells | Lymphocyte Counts | MTC | Ferreira | 2009 | NA | 6015 | 1.00e-2 | 4.57e-2 |
Bone Mineral Density Lifecourse | Total Body Bone Mineral Density 45 to 60 | MTC | Medina-Gomez | 2018 | NA | 18805 | 1.00e-2 | 4.25e-2 |
Bone Mineral Density | Forearm Bone Mineral Density | ETC | Zheng | 2015 | NA | 6627 | 5.00e-2 | 3.27e-3 |
Ectopic Fat Traits | Ratio Of Visceral To Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Volume All | MTC | Chu | 2017 | NA | 14668 | 1.00e-2 | 2.53e-2 |
Ectopic Fat Traits | Visceral Adipose Tissue Volume Adjusted For BMI All | MTC | Chu | 2017 | NA | 14863 | 5.00e-2 | 2.90e-2 |
Ectopic Fat Traits | Visceral Adipose Tissue Volume Adjusted For BMI All | MTC | Chu | 2017 | NA | 14863 | 1.00e-2 | 3.31e-2 |
Ectopic Fat Traits | Visceral Adipose Tissue Volume Adjusted For BMI Women | MTC | Chu | 2017 | NA | 7431 | 1.00e-3 | 1.92e-2 |
Facial Shape | Mod10 | MTC | Claes | 2018 | NA | 2329 | 1.00e-2 | 2.51e-2 |
Facial Shape | Mod39 | MTC | Claes | 2018 | NA | 2329 | 5.00e-2 | 3.33e-2 |
Facial Shape | Mod40 | MTC | Claes | 2018 | NA | 2329 | 1.00e-2 | 1.76e-2 |
Facial Shape | Mod44 | MTC | Claes | 2018 | NA | 2329 | 1.00e-3 | 4.35e-2 |
Facial Shape | Mod7 | MTC | Claes | 2018 | NA | 2329 | 1.00e-3 | 1.35e-2 |
Glycemic Traits BMI Corrected | Fasting Insulin | MTC | Manning | 2012 | NA | 51750 | 5.00e-2 | 4.25e-2 |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease European | Crohn's disease | ETC | Liu | 2015 | 5956 | 14927 | 5.00e-2 | 1.14e-2 |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease European | Crohn's disease | ETC | Liu | 2015 | 5956 | 14927 | 1.00e-2 | 4.38e-3 |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease European | Crohn's disease | ETC | Liu | 2015 | 5956 | 14927 | 1.00e-3 | 3.47e-2 |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease European | Inflammatory Bowel Disease | ETC | Liu | 2015 | 12882 | 21770 | 5.00e-2 | 1.43e-3 |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease European | Inflammatory Bowel Disease | ETC | Liu | 2015 | 12882 | 21770 | 1.00e-2 | 5.08e-3 |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease European | Inflammatory Bowel Disease | ETC | Liu | 2015 | 12882 | 21770 | 1.00e-3 | 2.23e-2 |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease European | Inflammatory Bowel Disease | ETC | Liu | 2015 | 12882 | 21770 | 1.00e-5 | 1.51e-2 |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease European | Ulcerative Colitis | ETC | Liu | 2015 | 6968 | 20464 | 5.00e-2 | 1.14e-2 |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease European | Ulcerative Colitis | ETC | Liu | 2015 | 6968 | 20464 | 1.00e-3 | 3.66e-2 |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease European | Ulcerative Colitis | ETC | Liu | 2015 | 6968 | 20464 | 1.00e-4 | 2.09e-2 |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease European | Ulcerative Colitis | ETC | Liu | 2015 | 6968 | 20464 | 1.00e-5 | 3.63e-2 |
Ischaemic Stroke | All Stroke | MTC | Traylor | 2012 | 10210 | 12285 | 1.00e-2 | 1.93e-3 |
Lymphocyte Subsets | CD4:CD8 Ratio | MTC | Ferreira | 2010 | NA | 2538 | 5.00e-2 | 1.08e-2 |
Lymphocyte Subsets | CD4 Level | MTC | Ferreira | 2010 | NA | 2538 | 5.00e-2 | 4.47e-2 |
Pubertal Anthropometrics | Height 10 Year Females And 12 Year Males | MTC | Cousminer | 2013 | NA | 14040 | 5.00e-2 | 4.70e-2 |
Pubertal Anthropometrics | Height 10 Year Females And 12 Year Males | MTC | Cousminer | 2013 | NA | 14040 | 1.00e-2 | 4.77e-2 |
Pubertal Anthropometrics | Late Pubertal Height Increase Females | MTC | Cousminer | 2013 | NA | 10799 | 5.00e-2 | 7.54e-3 |
Pubertal Anthropometrics | Late Pubertal Height Increase Males | MTC | Cousminer | 2013 | NA | 10799 | 1.00e-3 | 1.16e-2 |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | Rheumatoid Arthritis European | MTC | Okada | 2014 | 14361 | 43923 | 5.00e-2 | 1.19e-2 |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | Rheumatoid Arthritis European | MTC | Okada | 2014 | 14361 | 43923 | 1.00e-2 | 2.27e-4 |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | Rheumatoid Arthritis European | MTC | Okada | 2014 | 14361 | 43923 | 1.00e-3 | 5.49e-5 |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | Rheumatoid Arthritis European | MTC | Okada | 2014 | 14361 | 43923 | 1.00e-4 | 6.96e-4 |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | Rheumatoid Arthritis European | MTC | Okada | 2014 | 14361 | 43923 | 1.00e-5 | 3.95e-5 |
Statin Efficacy | Delta HDL With Statin | MTC | Barber | 2010 | NA | 3928 | 5.00e-2 | 3.77e-2 |
Statin Efficacy | Delta HDL With Statin | MTC | Barber | 2010 | NA | 3928 | 1.00e-2 | 5.25e-3 |
Statin Efficacy | Delta LDL With Statin | MTC | Barber | 2010 | NA | 3928 | 5.00e-2 | 4.30e-2 |
T1D | Type 1 Diabetes | ETC | Bradfield | 2011 | 9934 | 16956 | 5.00e-2 | 1.44e-3 |
T1D | Type 1 Diabetes | ETC | Bradfield | 2011 | 9934 | 16956 | 1.00e-2 | 6.10e-3 |
T1D | Type 1 Diabetes | ETC | Bradfield | 2011 | 9934 | 16956 | 1.00e-3 | 4.12e-3 |
T1D | Type 1 Diabetes | ETC | Bradfield | 2011 | 9934 | 16956 | 1.00e-4 | 2.72e-4 |
T1D | Type 1 Diabetes | ETC | Bradfield | 2011 | 9934 | 16956 | 1.00e-5 | 9.99e-4 |
PBC | Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | ETC | Cordell | 2015 | 2764 | 10475 | 5.00e-2 | 1.06e-3 |
PBC | Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | ETC | Cordell | 2015 | 2764 | 10475 | 1.00e-2 | 1.26e-4 |
PBC | Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | ETC | Cordell | 2015 | 2764 | 10475 | 1.00e-3 | 1.32e-2 |
PBC | Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | ETC | Cordell | 2015 | 2764 | 10475 | 1.00e-4 | 8.21e-3 |
SLE | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | ETC | Bentham | 2015 | 7219 | 15991 | 5.00e-2 | 2.28e-4 |
SLE | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | ETC | Bentham | 2015 | 7219 | 15991 | 1.00e-2 | 8.14e-4 |
SLE | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | ETC | Bentham | 2015 | 7219 | 15991 | 1.00e-3 | 2.08e-2 |
T1D CA | Type1Diabetes (Childhood adiposity age < 17) | ETC | Censin | 2017 | 5913 | 8828 | 5.00e-2 | 2.31e-5 |
T1D CA | Type1Diabetes (Childhood adiposity age < 17) | ETC | Censin | 2017 | 5913 | 8828 | 1.00e-2 | 1.99e-5 |
T1D CA | Type1Diabetes (Childhood adiposity age < 17) | ETC | Censin | 2017 | 5913 | 8828 | 1.00e-3 | 1.87e-4 |
T1D CA | Type1Diabetes (Childhood adiposity age < 17) | ETC | Censin | 2017 | 5913 | 8828 | 1.00e-4 | 7.54e-5 |
T1D CA | Type1Diabetes (Childhood adiposity age < 17) | ETC | Censin | 2017 | 5913 | 8828 | 1.00e-5 | 7.88e-4 |
MS | Multiple Sclerosis | ETC | Patsopoulos | 2017 | 14802 | 26703 | 5.00e-2 | 1.97e-5 |
MS | Multiple Sclerosis | ETC | Patsopoulos | 2017 | 14802 | 26703 | 1.00e-2 | 2.40e-6 |
MS | Multiple Sclerosis | ETC | Patsopoulos | 2017 | 14802 | 26703 | 1.00e-3 | 1.55e-6 |
MS | Multiple Sclerosis | ETC | Patsopoulos | 2017 | 14802 | 26703 | 1.00e-4 | 8.21e-6 |
MS | Multiple Sclerosis | ETC | Patsopoulos | 2017 | 14802 | 26703 | 1.00e-5 | 4.99e-6 |
CEL | Celiac Disease | ETC | Trynka | 2011 | 12041 | 12228 | 5.00e-2 | 2.03e-2 |
CEL | Celiac Disease | ETC | Trynka | 2011 | 12041 | 12228 | 1.00e-2 | 3.05e-3 |
CEL | Celiac Disease | ETC | Trynka | 2011 | 12041 | 12228 | 1.00e-3 | 2.27e-3 |
Asthma | Asthma, adult-onset | ETC | Ferreira | 2019 | 26582 | 300671 | 1.00e-2 | 8.98e-3 |
Asthma | Asthma, adult-onset | ETC | Ferreira | 2019 | 26582 | 300671 | 1.00e-3 | 1.88e-2 |
Asthma | Asthma, adult-onset | ETC | Ferreira | 2019 | 26582 | 300671 | 1.00e-4 | 8.73e-3 |
Asthma | Asthma, adult-onset | ETC | Ferreira | 2019 | 26582 | 300671 | 1.00e-5 | 6.62e-5 |
Asthma | Asthma, childhood-onset | ETC | Ferreira | 2019 | 13962 | 300671 | 5.00e-2 | 5.86e-4 |
Asthma | Asthma, childhood-onset | ETC | Ferreira | 2019 | 13962 | 300671 | 1.00e-2 | 4.60e-4 |
Asthma | Asthma, childhood-onset | ETC | Ferreira | 2019 | 13962 | 300671 | 1.00e-3 | 8.25e-4 |
Asthma | Asthma, childhood-onset | ETC | Ferreira | 2019 | 13962 | 300671 | 1.00e-4 | 6.97e-3 |
Asthma | Asthma, childhood-onset | ETC | Ferreira | 2019 | 13962 | 300671 | 1.00e-5 | 8.33e-3 |
BMI | Normal body mass index vs thin control, adult vs thin adult | ETC | McKay | 2019 | 6460 | 1471 | 1.00e-3 | 1.58e-2 |
Vitiligo | Vitiligo late onset | ETC | Jin | 2019 | 1467 | 19156 | 5.00e-2 | 6.07e-4 |
Vitiligo | Vitiligo late onset | ETC | Jin | 2019 | 1467 | 19156 | 1.00e-2 | 7.56e-4 |
Vitiligo | Vitiligo late onset | ETC | Jin | 2019 | 1467 | 19156 | 1.00e-3 | 1.71e-2 |
Vitiligo | Vitiligo late onset | ETC | Jin | 2019 | 1467 | 19156 | 1.00e-4 | 3.43e-2 |
Vitiligo | Vitiligo early onset | ETC | Jin | 2019 | 704 | 9031 | 5.00e-2 | 1.93e-2 |
Psoriatic arthritis | Psoriatic arthritis | ETC | Aterido | 2018 | 744 | 1454 | 5.00e-2 | 2.31e-2 |
Psoriatic arthritis | Psoriatic arthritis | ETC | Aterido | 2018 | 744 | 1454 | 1.00e-2 | 1.09e-2 |
Asthma | Asthma, moderate or severe | ETC | Shrine | 2018 | 5414 | 21471 | 5.00e-2 | 5.96e-4 |
Asthma | Asthma, moderate or severe | ETC | Shrine | 2018 | 5414 | 21471 | 1.00e-2 | 1.04e-5 |
Asthma | Asthma, moderate or severe | ETC | Shrine | 2018 | 5414 | 21471 | 1.00e-3 | 3.12e-6 |
Asthma | Asthma, moderate or severe | ETC | Shrine | 2018 | 5414 | 21471 | 1.00e-4 | 2.78e-4 |
Asthma | Asthma, moderate or severe | ETC | Shrine | 2018 | 5414 | 21471 | 1.00e-5 | 3.18e-4 |
Medication use | Medication use (thyroid preparations) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 24,832 | 280,750 | 5.00e-2 | 1.43e-3 |
Medication use | Medication use (thyroid preparations) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 24,832 | 280,750 | 1.00e-2 | 2.08e-5 |
Medication use | Medication use (thyroid preparations) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 24,832 | 280,750 | 1.00e-3 | 4.78e-8 |
Medication use | Medication use (thyroid preparations) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 24,832 | 280,750 | 1.00e-4 | 3.20e-9 |
Medication use | Medication use (thyroid preparations) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 24,832 | 280,750 | 1.00e-5 | 2.10e-9 |
Medication use | Medication use (immunosuppressants) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 3,954 | 268,648 | 5.00e-2 | 1.66e-3 |
Medication use | Medication use (immunosuppressants) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 3,954 | 268,648 | 1.00e-2 | 6.43e-4 |
Medication use | Medication use (immunosuppressants) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 3,954 | 268,648 | 1.00e-3 | 1.44e-3 |
Medication use | Medication use (immunosuppressants) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 3,954 | 268,648 | 1.00e-4 | 1.91e-2 |
Medication use | Medication use (immunosuppressants) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 3,954 | 268,648 | 1.00e-5 | 4.26e-2 |
Medication use | Medication use (adrenergics, inhalants) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 28,880 | 147,565 | 5.00e-2 | 1.99e-3 |
Medication use | Medication use (adrenergics, inhalants) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 28,880 | 147,565 | 1.00e-2 | 6.05e-5 |
Medication use | Medication use (adrenergics, inhalants) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 28,880 | 147,565 | 1.00e-3 | 5.93e-5 |
Medication use | Medication use (adrenergics, inhalants) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 28,880 | 147,565 | 1.00e-4 | 5.37e-3 |
Medication use | Medication use (adrenergics, inhalants) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 28,880 | 147,565 | 1.00e-5 | 3.20e-3 |
Medication use | Medication use (glucocorticoids) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 17,352 | 188,348 | 5.00e-2 | 7.90e-6 |
Medication use | Medication use (glucocorticoids) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 17,352 | 188,348 | 1.00e-2 | 2.15e-4 |
Medication use | Medication use (glucocorticoids) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 17,352 | 188,348 | 1.00e-3 | 2.99e-3 |
Medication use | Medication use (glucocorticoids) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 17,352 | 188,348 | 1.00e-4 | 3.54e-5 |
Medication use | Medication use (glucocorticoids) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 17,352 | 188,348 | 1.00e-5 | 5.93e-4 |
Medication use | Medication use (antihistamines for systemic use) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 13,984 | 137,652 | 5.00e-2 | 9.56e-3 |
Medication use | Medication use (antihistamines for systemic use) | ETC | Wu Y | 2019 | 13,984 | 137,652 | 1.00e-2 | 1.22e-2 |
Stress sensitivity | Stress sensitivity (neuroticism score x major depressive disorder status interaction) | ETC | Arnau-Soler A | 2018 | 7,834 | 15,258 | 1.00e-2 | 2.70e-2 |
Asthma | Asthma | ETC | Zhu Z | 2019 | 46,802 | 347,481 | 5.00e-2 | 2.36e-3 |
Asthma | Asthma | ETC | Zhu Z | 2019 | 46,802 | 347,481 | 1.00e-2 | 3.16e-3 |
Asthma | Asthma | ETC | Zhu Z | 2019 | 46,802 | 347,481 | 1.00e-3 | 5.48e-4 |
Asthma | Asthma | ETC | Zhu Z | 2019 | 46,802 | 347,481 | 1.00e-4 | 4.87e-4 |
Asthma | Asthma | ETC | Zhu Z | 2019 | 46,802 | 347,481 | 1.00e-5 | 5.54e-4 |
Asthma | Asthma (childhood onset) | ETC | Zhu Z | 2019 | 9,676 | 347,481 | 5.00e-2 | 1.06e-2 |
Asthma | Asthma (childhood onset) | ETC | Zhu Z | 2019 | 9,676 | 347,481 | 1.00e-2 | 1.62e-3 |
Asthma | Asthma (childhood onset) | ETC | Zhu Z | 2019 | 9,676 | 347,481 | 1.00e-3 | 2.06e-4 |
Asthma | Asthma (childhood onset) | ETC | Zhu Z | 2019 | 9,676 | 347,481 | 1.00e-4 | 1.93e-4 |
Asthma | Asthma (childhood onset) | ETC | Zhu Z | 2019 | 9,676 | 347,481 | 1.00e-5 | 3.29e-3 |
AD | Alzheimer's disease | ETC | Moreno-Grau S | 2019 | 4,120 | 3,289 | 5.00e-2 | 1.95e-2 |
Systemic sclerosis | Systemic sclerosis | ETC | Lopez-Isac E | 2019 | 9,095 | 17,584 | 5.00e-2 | 2.27e-3 |
Systemic sclerosis | Systemic sclerosis | ETC | Lopez-Isac E | 2019 | 9,095 | 17,584 | 1.00e-2 | 1.35e-5 |
BMI by age | BMI at 3 months old | ETC | Helgeland O | 2019 | NA | 7,970 | 5.00e-2 | 3.65e-2 |
BMI by age | BMI at 5 years old | ETC | Helgeland O | 2019 | NA | 4,245 | 5.00e-2 | 8.82e-3 |
IL 6 | Interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha levels | ETC | Enroth S | 2014 | NA | 653 | 1.00e-2 | 4.73e-2 |
COVID-19 Host Genetics | predicted covid from self-reported symptoms vs. predicted or self-reported non-covid (EA) | ETC | covid19hg | 2020 | 1865 | 29174 | 1.00e-2 | 3.92e-2 |
* If the number of cases is 0/NA, it means the phenotype is a continuous data type and the number of controls is the total number of samples.