Gene: GRHL2

Basic information

Tag Content
Uniprot ID Q6ISB3; A1L303; Q6NT03; Q9H8B8;
Entrez ID 79977
Genbank protein ID AAH69618.1; AAI29823.1; AAI29824.1; AAH69633.1; EAW91834.1; AAH69638.1; BAB14699.1;
Genbank nucleotide ID NM_001330593.1; NM_024915.3; XM_011517306.2;
Ensembl protein ID ENSP00000495564; ENSP00000379260;
Ensembl nucleotide ID ENSG00000083307
Gene name Grainyhead-like protein 2 homolog
Gene symbol GRHL2
Organism Homo sapiens
NCBI taxa ID 9606
Cleft type
Developmental stage
Data sources Homology search
Reference
Functional description Transcription factor playing an important role in primary neurulation and in epithelial development (PubMed:29309642, PubMed:25152456). Binds directly to the consensus DNA sequence 5'-AACCGGTT-3' acting as an activator and repressor on distinct target genes (By similarity). During embryogenesis, plays unique and cooperative roles with GRHL3 in establishing distinct zones of primary neurulation. Essential for closure 3 (rostral end of the forebrain), functions cooperatively with GRHL3 in closure 2 (forebrain/midbrain boundary) and posterior neuropore closure (By similarity). Regulates epithelial morphogenesis acting as a target gene-associated transcriptional activator of apical junctional complex components. Up-regulates of CLDN3 and CLDN4, as well as of RAB25, which increases the CLDN4 protein and its localization at tight junctions (By similarity). Comprises an essential component of the transcriptional machinery that establishes appropriate expression levels of CLDN4 and CDH1 in different types of epithelia. Exhibits functional redundancy with GRHL3 in epidermal morphogenetic events and epidermal wound repair (By similarity). In lung, forms a regulatory loop with NKX2-1 that coordinates lung epithelial cell morphogenesis and differentiation (By similarity). In keratinocytes, plays a role in telomerase activation during cellular proliferation, regulates TERT expression by binding to TERT promoter region and inhibiting DNA methylation at the 5'-CpG island, possibly by interfering with DNMT1 enzyme activity (PubMed:19015635, PubMed:20938050). In addition, impairs keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal function by inhibiting the expression of genes clustered at the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) as well as GRHL1 and GRHL3 through epigenetic mechanisms (PubMed:23254293).
Sequence
MSQESDNNKR LVALVPMPSD PPFNTRRAYT SEDEAWKSYL ENPLTAATKA MMSINGDEDS 60
AAALGLLYDY YKVPRDKRLL SVSKASDSQE DQEKRNCLGT SEAQSNLSGG ENRVQVLKTV 120
PVNLSLNQDH LENSKREQYS ISFPESSAII PVSGITVVKA EDFTPVFMAP PVHYPRGDGE 180
EQRVVIFEQT QYDVPSLATH SAYLKDDQRS TPDSTYSESF KDAATEKFRS ASVGAEEYMY 240
DQTSSGTFQY TLEATKSLRQ KQGEGPMTYL NKGQFYAITL SETGDNKCFR HPISKVRSVV 300
MVVFSEDKNR DEQLKYWKYW HSRQHTAKQR VLDIADYKES FNTIGNIEEI AYNAVSFTWD 360
VNEEAKIFIT VNCLSTDFSS QKGVKGLPLM IQIDTYSYNN RSNKPIHRAY CQIKVFCDKG 420
AERKIRDEER KQNRKKGKGQ ASQTQCNSSS DGKLAAIPLQ KKSDITYFKT MPDLHSQPVL 480
FIPDVHFANL QRTGQVYYNT DDEREGGSVL VKRMFRPMEE EFGPVPSKQM KEEGTKRVLL 540
YVRKETDDVF DALMLKSPTV KGLMEAISEK YGLPVEKIAK LYKKSKKGIL VNMDDNIIEH 600
YSNEDTFILN MESMVEGFKV TLMEI 625

Abbreviation :
CLO : cleft lip only. CPO : cleft palate only. CLP : cleft lip and palate. CL/P : cleft lip with/without cleft palate.
For humans: CL/P, CLO, CPO, and CLP. For mice: CLO, CLP, and CPO.

Gene expression information

Gene expression in different tissues (GTEx V7)

  

Gene expression in different tissues (ENCODE)

  

Protein structural annotations

3D structure in PDB database


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Protein disorder information

Orthologous information

Relation Gene symbol Entrez ID UniProt ID Cleft type Developmental stage Species Evidence Details
1:1 orthologGRHL2A0A452F1Z6Capra hircusPredictionMore>>
1:1 orthologGRHL2100056140F7BG04Equus caballusPredictionMore>>
1:1 orthologGRHL279977Q6ISB3Homo sapiensPredictionMore>>
1:1 orthologGrhl2252973Q8K5C0CPOMus musculusPublicationMore>>
1:1 orthologGRHL2464320H2QWI7Pan troglodytesPredictionMore>>
1:1 orthologGRHL2F1S0Q6Sus scrofaPredictionMore>>
1:1 orthologGrhl2299979B5DEI9Rattus norvegicusPredictionMore>>
1:1 orthologgrhl2b100034503F7VJQ5Danio rerioPredictionMore>>

Other genetic variants/mutations

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Disease or phenotype associated information

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Gene Ontology (GO)/biological pathways

GO:Molecular Function

GO ID GO Term Evidence
GO:0000981 DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificISA
GO:0000981 DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificISM
GO:0001161 intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingISS
GO:0001228 DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificIDA
GO:0001228 DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificIMP
GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activityISS
GO:0003700 DNA-binding transcription factor activityIBA
GO:0005515 protein bindingIPI
GO:0031490 chromatin DNA bindingIDA
GO:0043565 sequence-specific DNA bindingIDA
GO:0043565 sequence-specific DNA bindingIBA

GO:Biological Process

GO ID GO Term Evidence
GO:0001843 neural tube closureISS
GO:0003208 cardiac ventricle morphogenesisIEA
GO:0003382 epithelial cell morphogenesisISS
GO:0003382 epithelial cell morphogenesisIMP
GO:0006357 regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIIBA
GO:0007155 cell adhesionIMP
GO:0007420 brain developmentIBA
GO:0008283 cell population proliferationIMP
GO:0008544 epidermis developmentIDA
GO:0021915 neural tube developmentIBA
GO:0034329 cell junction assemblyIMP
GO:0035264 multicellular organism growthIEA
GO:0042733 embryonic digit morphogenesisIEA
GO:0043010 camera-type eye developmentIEA
GO:0044030 regulation of DNA methylationIMP
GO:0044030 regulation of DNA methylationIDA
GO:0045617 negative regulation of keratinocyte differentiationIDA
GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIISS
GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIIDA
GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIIMP
GO:0048701 embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesisIEA
GO:0051973 positive regulation of telomerase activityIMP
GO:0060324 face developmentIEA
GO:0060463 lung lobe morphogenesisIEA
GO:0060487 lung epithelial cell differentiationISS
GO:0060672 epithelial cell morphogenesis involved in placental branchingIEA
GO:0061713 anterior neural tube closureIEA
GO:0070830 bicellular tight junction assemblyIMP
GO:0090132 epithelium migrationISS

GO:Cellular Component

GO ID GO Term Evidence
GO:0000790 nuclear chromatinISA
GO:0005634 nucleusIDA
GO:0005634 nucleusIBA
GO:0005654 nucleoplasmIDA
GO:0005911 cell-cell junctionIDA
GO:0016020 membraneIEA

Reactome Pathway

Reactome ID Reactome Term Evidence

Drugs and compounds information

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Functional annotations

Keywords

Keyword ID Keyword Term
KW-0002 3D-structure
KW-0010 Activator
KW-0025 Alternative splicing
KW-1212 Corneal dystrophy
KW-0209 Deafness
KW-0225 Disease mutation
KW-0238 DNA-binding
KW-0242 Dwarfism
KW-0038 Ectodermal dysplasia
KW-0472 Membrane
KW-1010 Non-syndromic deafness
KW-0539 Nucleus
KW-0621 Polymorphism
KW-1185 Reference proteome
KW-0804 Transcription
KW-0805 Transcription regulation

Interpro

InterPro ID InterPro Term
IPR007604 CP2
IPR040167 TF_CP2-like

PROSITE

PROSITE ID PROSITE Term

Pfam

Pfam ID Pfam Term
PF04516 CP2

Protein-protein interaction

Protein-miRNA interaction