Gene: MMACHC

Basic information

Tag Content
Uniprot ID Q9Y4U1; Q5T157; Q9BRQ7;
Entrez ID 25974
Genbank protein ID CAB45693.2; AAH06122.3;
Genbank nucleotide ID NM_001330540.1; NM_015506.2;
Ensembl protein ID ENSP00000383840
Ensembl nucleotide ID ENSG00000132763
Gene name Cyanocobalamin reductase / alkylcobalamin dealkylase
Gene symbol MMACHC
Organism Homo sapiens
NCBI taxa ID 9606
Cleft type
Developmental stage
Data sources Homology search
Reference
Functional description Cobalamin (vitamin B12) cytosolic chaperone that catalyzes the reductive decyanation of cyanocob(III)alamin (cyanocobalamin, CNCbl) to yield cob(II)alamin and cyanide, using FAD or FMN as cofactors and NADPH as cosubstrate (PubMed:18779575, PubMed:19700356, PubMed:21697092, PubMed:25809485). Cyanocobalamin constitutes the inactive form of vitamin B12 introduced from the diet, and is converted into the active cofactors methylcobalamin (MeCbl) involved in methionine biosynthesis, and 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) involved in the TCA cycle (PubMed:19801555). Forms a complex with the lysosomal transporter ABCD4 and its chaperone LMBRD1, to transport cobalamin across the lysosomal membrane into the cytosol (PubMed:25535791). The processing of cobalamin in the cytosol occurs in a multiprotein complex composed of at least MMACHC, MMADHC, MTRR (methionine synthase reductase) and MTR (methionine synthase) which may contribute to shuttle safely and efficiently cobalamin towards MTR in order to produce methionine (PubMed:21071249, PubMed:27771510). Also acts as a glutathione transferase by catalyzing the dealkylation of the alkylcob(III)alamins MeCbl and AdoCbl, using the thiolate of glutathione for nucleophilic displacement to generate cob(I)alamin and the corresponding glutathione thioether (PubMed:19801555, PubMed:21697092, PubMed:22642810, PubMed:25809485). The conversion of incoming MeCbl or AdoCbl into a common intermediate cob(I)alamin is necessary to meet the cellular needs for both cofactors (PubMed:19801555). Cysteine and homocysteine cannot substitute for glutathione in this reaction (PubMed:19801555).
Sequence
MEPKVAELKQ KIEDTLCPFG FEVYPFQVAW YNELLPPAFH LPLPGPTLAF LVLSTPAMFD 60
RALKPFLQSC HLRMLTDPVD QCVAYHLGRV RESLPELQIE IIADYEVHPN RRPKILAQTA 120
AHVAGAAYYY QRQDVEADPW GNQRISGVCI HPRFGGWFAI RGVVLLPGIE VPDLPPRKPH 180
DCVPTRADRI ALLEGFNFHW RDWTYRDAVT PQERYSEEQK AYFSTPPAQR LALLGLAQPS 240
EKPSSPSPDL PFTTPAPKKP GNPSRARSWL SPRVSPPASP GP 282

Abbreviation :
CLO : cleft lip only. CPO : cleft palate only. CLP : cleft lip and palate. CL/P : cleft lip with/without cleft palate.
For humans: CL/P, CLO, CPO, and CLP. For mice: CLO, CLP, and CPO.

Gene expression information

Gene expression in different tissues (GTEx V7)

  

Gene expression in different tissues (ENCODE)

  

Protein structural annotations

3D structure in PDB database

Protein disorder information

Orthologous information

Relation Gene symbol Entrez ID UniProt ID Cleft type Developmental stage Species Evidence Details
1:1 orthologMMACHCQ5E9C8Bos taurusPredictionMore>>
1:1 orthologMMACHC102183931A0A452G8L9Capra hircusPredictionMore>>
1:1 orthologMMACHC25974Q9Y4U1Homo sapiensPredictionMore>>
1:1 orthologMmachc67096Q9CZD0CPOMus musculusPublicationMore>>
1:1 orthologMMACHC469180H2PYX3Pan troglodytesPredictionMore>>
1:1 orthologMMACHC100347413G1SQ06Oryctolagus cuniculusPredictionMore>>
1:1 orthologMmachc313520D4A729Rattus norvegicusPredictionMore>>
1:1 orthologmmachcF1QZ86Danio rerioPredictionMore>>

Other genetic variants/mutations

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Disease or phenotype associated information

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Gene Ontology (GO)/biological pathways

GO:Molecular Function

GO ID GO Term Evidence
GO:0005515 protein bindingIPI
GO:0016491 oxidoreductase activityIDA
GO:0016491 oxidoreductase activityTAS
GO:0031419 cobalamin bindingIEA
GO:0032451 demethylase activityIDA
GO:0032451 demethylase activityIBA
GO:0033787 cyanocobalamin reductase (cyanide-eliminating) activityIDA
GO:0033787 cyanocobalamin reductase (cyanide-eliminating) activityIBA
GO:0033787 cyanocobalamin reductase (cyanide-eliminating) activityTAS
GO:0042803 protein homodimerization activityIPI
GO:0043295 glutathione bindingIDA
GO:0071949 FAD bindingIDA
GO:0071949 FAD bindingIBA

GO:Biological Process

GO ID GO Term Evidence
GO:0006749 glutathione metabolic processIDA
GO:0009235 cobalamin metabolic processIDA
GO:0009235 cobalamin metabolic processIMP
GO:0009235 cobalamin metabolic processTAS
GO:0009236 cobalamin biosynthetic processIEA
GO:0009236 cobalamin biosynthetic processIDA
GO:0009236 cobalamin biosynthetic processIBA
GO:0055114 oxidation-reduction processIDA
GO:0070988 demethylationIDA

GO:Cellular Component

GO ID GO Term Evidence
GO:0005737 cytoplasmIBA
GO:0005737 cytoplasmIDA
GO:0005829 cytosolTAS

Reactome Pathway

Reactome ID Reactome Term Evidence
R-HSA-1430728 MetabolismTAS
R-HSA-1643685 DiseaseTAS
R-HSA-196741 Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport and metabolismTAS
R-HSA-196849 Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactorsTAS
R-HSA-196854 Metabolism of vitamins and cofactorsTAS
R-HSA-3296469 Defects in cobalamin (B12) metabolismTAS
R-HSA-3296482 Defects in vitamin and cofactor metabolismTAS
R-HSA-3359473 Defective MMADHC causes methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblDTAS
R-HSA-3359474 Defective MMACHC causes methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblCTAS
R-HSA-5668914 Diseases of metabolismTAS

Drugs and compounds information

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Functional annotations

Keywords

Keyword ID Keyword Term
KW-0002 3D-structure
KW-0846 Cobalamin
KW-0170 Cobalt
KW-0963 Cytoplasm
KW-0225 Disease mutation
KW-0274 FAD
KW-0285 Flavoprotein
KW-0288 FMN
KW-0521 NADP
KW-0560 Oxidoreductase
KW-0597 Phosphoprotein
KW-1185 Reference proteome
KW-0808 Transferase

Interpro

InterPro ID InterPro Term
IPR032037 MMACHC

PROSITE

PROSITE ID PROSITE Term

Pfam

Pfam ID Pfam Term
PF16690 MMACHC

Protein-protein interaction

Protein-miRNA interaction