Tissue-Trait Association Map for [Prostate]. Due to the large number of UKBB panel traits, this figure only shows the non-UKBB traits with a deTS p (chi2) < 0.05. For each tissue-trait association pair (shown as an edge in the figure), there may be multiple TAG sets, each defined at a different threshold. The pair with the minimum p-value is shown in the figure, with the p-value showing along each edge. Edge width is proportional to the deTS p (chi2). The number of edges in the figure is thus less than (or equal to) the number of entries in the table below.
Table. List of Tissue-Trait Association Pairs for [Prostate]. Because each trait has multiple TAG sets defined at different thresholds, there may be multiple rows for each tissue-trait pair with different "TAG Set Threshold" and "deTS p (chi2)" (the last two columns).
For a full list of traits including all panels, please check here. (Warning: the loading time may be long.)
Trait ID | Trait Name | Trait Full Name | Panel | Author | Year | Cases* | Controls | TAG Set Threshold |
deTS p (chi2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4530 | Adiponectin | Adiponectin | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Dastani | 2012 | 0 | 29347 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
4530 | Adiponectin | Adiponectin | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Dastani | 2012 | 0 | 29347 | 0.01 | 0.00332 |
4645 | Albuminuria | Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio In Nondiabetics | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Teumer | 2016 | 0 | 46051 | 0.001 | 0.04 |
4537 | Alzheimers | Alzheimer's Disease | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Jansen | 2018 | 71880 | 383378 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
4537 | Alzheimers | Alzheimer's Disease | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Jansen | 2018 | 71880 | 383378 | 0.001 | 0.00441 |
4537 | Alzheimers | Alzheimer's Disease | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Jansen | 2018 | 71880 | 383378 | 1E-04 | 0.00849 |
4653 | Alzheimers Protein Levels | Phosphorylated Tau Position 181 | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Ramirez | 2014 | 0 | 363 | 0.05 | 0.00702 |
4653 | Alzheimers Protein Levels | Phosphorylated Tau Position 181 | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Ramirez | 2014 | 0 | 363 | 0.01 | 0.00182 |
4653 | Alzheimers Protein Levels | Phosphorylated Tau Position 181 | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Ramirez | 2014 | 0 | 363 | 0.001 | 6.68E-5 |
4541 | Anorexia Nervosa | Anorexia Nervosa | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Boraska | 2014 | 2907 | 14860 | 0.01 | 0.00294 |
4664 | Anthropometrics Sex Stratified | Height Women | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Randall | 2013 | 0 | 73137 | 1E-05 | 0.02 |
4670 | Anthropometrics Sex Stratified | Waist Circumference Adjusted For BMI Women | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Randall | 2013 | 0 | 45192 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
4676 | Anthropometrics Sex Stratified | Waist Hip Ratio Women | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Randall | 2013 | 0 | 42969 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
4678 | Anthropometrics Sex Stratified | Weight Women | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Randall | 2013 | 0 | 73137 | 1E-05 | 0.04 |
4551 | Birth Length | Birth Length | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | van-der-Valk | 2014 | 0 | 28238 | 0.05 | 0.0077 |
4694 | Blood Cells | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Ferreira | 2009 | 0 | 6015 | 0.001 | 0.02 |
4696 | Blood Cells | Mean Erythrocyte Cell Volume | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Ferreira | 2009 | 0 | 6015 | 0.001 | 0.03 |
4698 | Blood Cells | Neutrophil Counts | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Ferreira | 2009 | 0 | 6015 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
4702 | Blood Cells | White Blood Cell Counts | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Ferreira | 2009 | 0 | 6015 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
4705 | Blood Lipids | Total Cholesterol | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Teslovich | 2010 | 0 | 100184 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
4553 | Blood Pressure | Blood Pressure | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Ehret | 2011 | 0 | 69395 | 0.001 | 0.00968 |
4553 | Blood Pressure | Blood Pressure | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Ehret | 2011 | 0 | 69395 | 1E-04 | 0.00508 |
4553 | Blood Pressure | Blood Pressure | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Ehret | 2011 | 0 | 69395 | 1E-05 | 0.00488 |
4715 | BMI Age Stratified | BMI Men Age Over 50 | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Winkler | 2015 | 0 | 90988 | 0.001 | 0.05 |
4715 | BMI Age Stratified | BMI Men Age Over 50 | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Winkler | 2015 | 0 | 90988 | 1E-05 | 0.04 |
4716 | BMI Age Stratified | BMI Men Age Under 50 | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Winkler | 2015 | 0 | 51625 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
4716 | BMI Age Stratified | BMI Men Age Under 50 | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Winkler | 2015 | 0 | 51625 | 1E-05 | 0.02 |
4735 | BMI | BMI European Women | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Locke | 2015 | 0 | 132115 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
4806 | BMI Smoking Adjusted | Waist Hip Ratio Adjusted BMI Adjusted Smoking Women European | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | GIANT | 2017 | 0 | 132115 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
4806 | BMI Smoking Adjusted | Waist Hip Ratio Adjusted BMI Adjusted Smoking Women European | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | GIANT | 2017 | 0 | 132115 | 0.001 | 0.05 |
4559 | Bone Mineral Density Estimated | Bone Mineral Density Estimated | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Kemp | 2017 | 0 | 142487 | 0.001 | 0.00272 |
4559 | Bone Mineral Density Estimated | Bone Mineral Density Estimated | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Kemp | 2017 | 0 | 142487 | 1E-04 | 4.9E-4 |
4559 | Bone Mineral Density Estimated | Bone Mineral Density Estimated | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Kemp | 2017 | 0 | 142487 | 1E-05 | 5.49E-4 |
4810 | Bone Mineral Density | Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density All | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Estrada | 2012 | 0 | 31800 | 0.01 | 0.0076 |
4812 | Bone Mineral Density | Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density Women | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Estrada | 2012 | 0 | 31800 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
4812 | Bone Mineral Density | Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density Women | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Estrada | 2012 | 0 | 31800 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
4814 | Bone Mineral Density Lifecourse | Total Body Bone Mineral Density 30 to 45 | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Medina-Gomez | 2018 | 0 | 10062 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
4814 | Bone Mineral Density Lifecourse | Total Body Bone Mineral Density 30 to 45 | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Medina-Gomez | 2018 | 0 | 10062 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
4815 | Bone Mineral Density Lifecourse | Total Body Bone Mineral Density 45 to 60 | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Medina-Gomez | 2018 | 0 | 18805 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
4816 | Bone Mineral Density Lifecourse | Total Body Bone Mineral Density 60 And More | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Medina-Gomez | 2018 | 0 | 22504 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
4816 | Bone Mineral Density Lifecourse | Total Body Bone Mineral Density 60 And More | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Medina-Gomez | 2018 | 0 | 22504 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
4816 | Bone Mineral Density Lifecourse | Total Body Bone Mineral Density 60 And More | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Medina-Gomez | 2018 | 0 | 22504 | 0.001 | 0.05 |
4817 | Bone Mineral Density Lifecourse | Total Body Bone Mineral Density All | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Medina-Gomez | 2018 | 0 | 56284 | 0.01 | 0.00746 |
4817 | Bone Mineral Density Lifecourse | Total Body Bone Mineral Density All | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Medina-Gomez | 2018 | 0 | 56284 | 0.001 | 0.00171 |
4817 | Bone Mineral Density Lifecourse | Total Body Bone Mineral Density All | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Medina-Gomez | 2018 | 0 | 56284 | 1E-04 | 0.00526 |
4817 | Bone Mineral Density Lifecourse | Total Body Bone Mineral Density All | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Medina-Gomez | 2018 | 0 | 56284 | 1E-05 | 0.00504 |
4819 | Bone Mineral Density | Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Zheng | 2015 | 0 | 26320 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
4573 | Depressive Symptoms | Depressive Symptoms | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Okbay | 2016 | 122210 | 58835 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
4579 | Gout | Gout | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Kottgen | 2013 | 2115 | 67259 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
4579 | Gout | Gout | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Kottgen | 2013 | 2115 | 67259 | 0.001 | 0.04 |
4593 | MDD | Major Depressive Disorder | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | PGC | 2013 | 9240 | 9519 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
4595 | Male Pattern Baldness | Male Pattern Baldness | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Hagenaars | 2017 | 0 | 52874 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
4605 | Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Arnold | 2017 | 2688 | 7037 | 0.001 | 0.05 |
4608 | Partial Epilepsy | Partial Epilepsy | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Kasperaviciute | 2010 | 3445 | 6935 | 0.05 | 2.96E-4 |
4618 | Serum Urate | Serum Urate | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Kottgen | 2013 | 0 | 110347 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
4820 | Bone Mineral Density | Forearm Bone Mineral Density | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Zheng | 2015 | 0 | 6627 | 0.01 | 0.00207 |
4850 | Ectopic Fat Traits | Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Attenuation Women | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Chu | 2017 | 0 | 5699 | 0.001 | 0.04 |
4851 | Ectopic Fat Traits | Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Volume All | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Chu | 2017 | 0 | 14780 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
4856 | Ectopic Fat Traits | Visceral Adipose Tissue Attenutation Women | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Chu | 2017 | 0 | 5729 | 0.01 | 0.0037 |
4864 | Educational Attainment | Education Years Men | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Okbay | 2016 | 0 | 0 | 1E-05 | 0.02 |
4870 | Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate | Chronic Kidney Disease With Diabetes | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Pattaro | 2016 | 0 | 11522 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
4872 | Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate | Cystatin C | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Pattaro | 2016 | 0 | 32834 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
4873 | Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate | Serum Creatinine | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Pattaro | 2016 | 0 | 133413 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
4905 | Facial Shape | Mod37 | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Claes | 2018 | 0 | 2329 | 0.001 | 0.04 |
4918 | Facial Shape | Mod49 | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Claes | 2018 | 0 | 2329 | 0.01 | 0.00358 |
4938 | Forced Expiratory Volume | Forced Expiratory Volume | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Soler-Artigas | 2015 | 0 | 38199 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
4939 | Forced Expiratory Volume | Forced Expiratory Volume Over Forced Vital Capacity | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Soler-Artigas | 2015 | 0 | 38199 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
4955 | Glycemic Traits BMI Corrected | Fasting Glucose | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Manning | 2012 | 0 | 58074 | 0.05 | 0.00334 |
4957 | Glycemic Traits BMI Corrected | Fasting Insulin | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Manning | 2012 | 0 | 51750 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
4959 | Glycemic Traits | Fasting Glucose | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Dupuis | 2010 | 0 | 46186 | 0.001 | 0.03 |
4997 | Ischaemic Stroke | Small Vessel Disease | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Traylor | 2012 | 2275 | 12285 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
5001 | Kidney Function | eGFR Decline With Chronic Kidney Disease | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Gorski | 2015 | 0 | 45530 | 0.001 | 0.00696 |
5005 | Kidney Function | Serum Creatinine | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Gorski | 2017 | 0 | 45530 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
5005 | Kidney Function | Serum Creatinine | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Gorski | 2017 | 0 | 45530 | 0.01 | 0.00634 |
5005 | Kidney Function | Serum Creatinine | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Gorski | 2017 | 0 | 45530 | 0.001 | 0.05 |
5006 | Kidney Function | Serum Cystatine | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Gorski | 2017 | 0 | 45530 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
5033 | Longevity | Age 90 Or Greater | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Deelen | 2014 | 5406 | 15112 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
5063 | TBLH BMD | Total body less head bone mineral density | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Medina-Gomez | 2017 | 0 | 10414 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
5068 | Personality Big5 | Conscientousness | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | De-Moor | 2012 | 0 | 17375 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
5069 | Personality Big5 | Extraversion | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | De-Moor | 2012 | 0 | 17375 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
5069 | Personality Big5 | Extraversion | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | De-Moor | 2012 | 0 | 17375 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
5091 | Pubertal Anthropometrics | Height 10 Year Females And 12 Year Males | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Cousminer | 2013 | 0 | 14040 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
5091 | Pubertal Anthropometrics | Height 10 Year Females And 12 Year Males | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Cousminer | 2013 | 0 | 14040 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
5092 | Pubertal Anthropometrics | Height 12 Year Males | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Cousminer | 2013 | 0 | 14040 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
5096 | Pubertal Anthropometrics | Total Pubertal Height Increase | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Cousminer | 2013 | 0 | 10799 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
5214 | BIP | Bipolar disorder | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Stahl | 2018 | 20352 | 31358 | 1E-04 | 0.04 |
5229 | RHR | CAD Resting Heart Rate | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Eppinga | 2016 | 0 | 265046 | 1E-05 | 0.03 |
5231 | EOC | Epithelial Ovarian Cancer | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Phelan | 2017 | 25509 | 40941 | 1E-04 | 0.03 |
5231 | EOC | Epithelial Ovarian Cancer | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Phelan | 2017 | 25509 | 40941 | 1E-05 | 0.04 |
5217 | T1D | Type 1 Diabetes | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Bradfield | 2011 | 9934 | 16956 | 0.05 | 0.00703 |
5312 | Smoking | Age of smoking initiation | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Liua | 2019 | 0 | 341427 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
5312 | Smoking | Age of smoking initiation | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Liua | 2019 | 0 | 341427 | 0.001 | 0.02 |
5301 | Body fat distribution | Body fat distribution-arm-fat-ratio-female | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Andersen | 2019 | 0 | 116138 | 1E-04 | 0.03 |
5301 | Body fat distribution | Body fat distribution-arm-fat-ratio-female | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Andersen | 2019 | 0 | 116138 | 1E-05 | 0.0027 |
5297 | Body fat distribution | Body fat distribution, leg fat ratio, female | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Andersen | 2019 | 0 | 116138 | 1E-04 | 0.04 |
5298 | Body fat distribution | Body fat distribution, leg fat ratio, male | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Andersen | 2019 | 0 | 116138 | 0.01 | 0.0074 |
5299 | Body fat distribution | Body fat distribution-trunk-fat-ratio-female | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Andersen | 2019 | 0 | 116138 | 0.001 | 0.05 |
5270 | CTS | Carpal tunnel syndrome | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Wiberg | 2019 | 12312 | 389344 | 0.001 | 0.04 |
5256 | Facial attractiveness | Facial attractiveness of females, male raters | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Hu | 2019 | 0 | 2062 | 0.05 | 0.00824 |
5346 | HATA volume | HATA volume corrected for total hippocampal volume | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Meer | 2018 | 0 | 21297 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
5357 | HATA volume | Hippocampal amygdala transition area volume | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Meer | 2018 | 0 | 21297 | 0.05 | 0.00414 |
5306 | Osteoarthritis | Knee osteoarthritis | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Tachmazidou | 2019 | 24955 | 376169 | 0.001 | 0.02 |
5324 | Male baldness | Male pattern baldness | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Yap | 2018 | 0 | 205327 | 0.001 | 3.29E-7 |
5324 | Male baldness | Male pattern baldness | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Yap | 2018 | 0 | 205327 | 1E-04 | 3.04E-4 |
5324 | Male baldness | Male pattern baldness | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Yap | 2018 | 0 | 205327 | 1E-05 | 0.00197 |
5303 | Osteoarthritis | Osteoarthritis | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Tachmazidou | 2019 | 77052 | 378169 | 1E-04 | 0.03 |
5337 | Parasubiculum volume | Parasubiculum volume | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Meer | 2018 | 0 | 21297 | 0.001 | 0.03 |
5327 | Sleep | Sleep duration | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Doherty | 2018 | 0 | 91105 | 0.001 | 0.03 |
5245 | Sleep | Sleep duration variability | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Jones | 2019 | 0 | 84810 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
5245 | Sleep | Sleep duration variability | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Jones | 2019 | 0 | 84810 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
5245 | Sleep | Sleep duration variability | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Jones | 2019 | 0 | 84810 | 0.001 | 0.00255 |
5244 | Sleep | Sleep efficiency | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Jones | 2019 | 0 | 84810 | 0.05 | 0.00956 |
5311 | Smoking | Smoking behaviour, cigarettes smoked per day | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Liua | 2019 | 0 | 377334 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
5264 | Na/K ratio | Urinary sodium to potassium ratio | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Zanetti | 2019 | 0 | 108942 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
5264 | Na/K ratio | Urinary sodium to potassium ratio | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Zanetti | 2019 | 0 | 108942 | 0.001 | 0.05 |
5264 | Na/K ratio | Urinary sodium to potassium ratio | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Zanetti | 2019 | 0 | 108942 | 1E-05 | 0.04 |
5361 | ACR | Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Zanetti | 2019 | 0 | 218759 | 1E-04 | 0.00943 |
5361 | ACR | Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio | Expanded Trait Collection (ETC) | Zanetti | 2019 | 0 | 218759 | 1E-05 | 0.00708 |
5121 | Reproductive Behavior | Age First Birth Male | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Barban | 2016 | 0 | 48408 | 0.001 | 0.01 |
5154 | Tanner Stage | Tanner Stage Females | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Cousminer | 2014 | 0 | 6144 | 0.001 | 0.00321 |
5165 | Waist Format 1 | Hip Circumference Males European | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Shungin | 2015 | 0 | 56910 | 0.05 | 0.00624 |
5165 | Waist Format 1 | Hip Circumference Males European | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Shungin | 2015 | 0 | 56910 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
5165 | Waist Format 1 | Hip Circumference Males European | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Shungin | 2015 | 0 | 56910 | 0.001 | 0.04 |
5167 | Waist Format 1 | Waist Circumference European | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Shungin | 2015 | 0 | 143480 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
5171 | Waist Format 1 | Waist Circumference Males European | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Shungin | 2015 | 0 | 56910 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
5179 | Waist Format 2 | Hip Circumference Adjusted For BMI European | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Shungin | 2015 | 0 | 143480 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
5181 | Waist Format 2 | Hip Circumference Adjusted For BMI Females European | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Shungin | 2015 | 0 | 86570 | 0.001 | 0.03 |
5185 | Waist Format 2 | Waist Circumference Adjusted For BMI European | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Shungin | 2015 | 0 | 143480 | 0.05 | 0.00186 |
5187 | Waist Format 2 | Waist Circumference Adjusted For BMI Females European | Multi-Trait Collection (MTC) | Shungin | 2015 | 0 | 86570 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
* If the number of cases is 0, it means the phenotype is a continuous data type and the number of controls is the total number of samples.