51684

SUFU

PRO1280|SUFUH|SUFUXL;suppressor of fused homolog (Drosophila);SUFU;suppressor of fused homolog (Drosophila)

suppressor of fused homolog

10q24.32

protein-coding

The Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway is indispensable for development, and functions to activate a transcriptional program modulated by the GLI transcription factors. Here, we report that loss of a regulator of the SHH pathway, suppressor of Fused (Sufu), resulted in early embryonic lethality in the mouse similar to inactivation of another SHH regulator, Patched1 (Ptch1). In contrast to Ptch1+/- mice, Sufu+/- mice were not tumor prone. However, in conjunction with p53 loss, Sufu+/- animals developed tumors including medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Tumors present in Sufu+/-p53-/- animals resulted from Sufu loss of heterozygosity. Sufu+/-p53-/- medulloblastomas also expressed a signature gene expression profile typical of aberrant SHH signaling, including upregulation of N-myc, Sfrp1, Ptch2 and cyclin D1. Finally, the Smoothened inhibitor, hedgehog antagonist, did not block growth of tumors arising from Sufu inactivation. These data demonstrate that Sufu is essential for development and functions as a tumor suppressor.

microRNAs are single-stranded RNA of 18-24 nt expressed endogenously that play important roles in cancer development. Here, we show that expression of miR-378 enhances cell survival, reduces caspase-3 activity, and promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis. Proteomic analysis indicates reduced expression of suppressor of fused (Sufu), a potential target of miR-378, which was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. expression of a luciferase construct containing the target site in Sufu was repressed when cotransfected with miR-378. Transfection of a Sufu construct reversed the effect of miR-378, suggesting an important role for miR-378 in tumor cell survival. We also discovered that miR-378 targets Fus-1. expression of luciferase constructs harboring the target sites in Fus-1 was repressed by miR-378. Fus-1 constructs with or without its 3 UTR were also generated. Cotransfection experiments showed that the presence of miR-378 repressed Fus-1 expression. suppression of Fus-1 expression by siRNA against Fus-1 enhanced cell survival. Transfection of the Fus-1 construct reversed the function of miR-378 in cell survival. Our results suggest that miR-378 transfection enhanced cell survival, tumor growth, and angiogenesis through repression of the expression of two tumor suppressors, Sufu and Fus-1.

Sustained Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway activity is associated with tumorigenesis in a wide variety of tissues. mutational inactivation of Shh receptor Patched (Ptch) and a downstream gene suppressor of fused (Sufu), both of which are negative regulators of the pathway, increases susceptibility to cerebellum cancer in humans and mice. Sufu is a binding partner of Shh pathway transcription factor Gli. Recent data indicate that inactivation of Sufu, through either gene targeting in mice or RNAi-mediated silencing in cultured fibroblasts, is sufficient to turn on Shh target gene expression. Here, we report that Sufu is degraded rapidly in certain cancer cells and we show that Shh signaling promotes ubiquitination of Sufu, which leads to its destruction in the proteasomes. We identified an ubiquitin attachment site on K257 of Sufu, and showed that Sufu-K257R mutant is more potent as a transcription repressor and cell growth inhibitor because of increased stability. These results indicate that Shh signaling regulates Sufu activity by inducing its turnover via the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is one of several lipid oxidation products that may have an impact on human pathophysiology. It is an important second messenger involved in the regulation of various cellular processes and exhibits antiproliferative and differentiative properties in various tumor cell lines. The mechanisms by which HNE affects cell growth and differentiation are only partially clarified. Because microRNAs (miRNAs) have the ability to regulate several cellular processes, we hypothesized that HNE, in addition to other mechanisms, could affect miRNA expression. Here, we present the results of a genome-wide miRNA expression profiling of HNE-treated HL-60 leukemic cells. Among 470 human miRNAs, 10 were found to be differentially expressed between control and HNE-treated cells (at p<0.05). Six miRNAs were down-regulated (miR-181a*, miR-199b, miR-202, miR-378, miR-454-3p, miR-575) and 4 were up-regulated (miR-125a, miR-339, miR-663, miR-660). Three of these regulated miRNAs (miR-202, miR-339, miR-378) were further assayed and validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Moreover, consistent with the down-regulation of miR-378, HNE also induced the expression of the SUFU protein, a tumor suppressor recently identified as a target of miR-378. The finding that HNE could regulate the expression of miRNAs and their targets opens new perspectives on the understanding of HNE-controlled pathways. A functional analysis of 191 putative gene targets of miRNAs modulated by HNE is discussed.

Originally identified as factors affecting Drosophila embryogenesis, the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is one of the primary signaling systems that specify patterns of cell growth and differentiation during vertebrate development. mutations in various components of this pathway frequently occur in tumors originated from the skin, cerebellum, and skeletal muscle, and abnormal pathway activity is associated with a subset of lung, digestive tract, pancreatic, and prostate cancers. Because of these potent biological activities, this pathway is negatively regulated at multiple levels to ensure appropriate signaling responses. suppressor of fused (Sufu) is one such negative regulator of Hh signaling. Although not essential in Drosophila, Sufu is absolutely required for mouse embryonic development. mutations of Sufu are associated with a childhood brain tumor in human and an increased susceptibility to the same type of cancer in the TP53 null background in mice, and RNAi-mediated silencing of Sufu is sufficient to activate the Hh signaling in cultured fibroblasts. All these data point to a central role of Sufu in controlling the vertebrate Hh signaling pathway; however, for years what exactly Sufu does in the Hh pathway and what controls its activity remains a deep mystery. This chapter will go over all studies curated in the PubMed database with Sufu as a main subject during the past 17 years, and attempt to provide a balanced view on Sufu gene and protein structure, activities in Drosophila as well as mammalian development, and its involvement in cancer.

Abnormal activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling leads to basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin, the most common human cancer. Gli2, the major transcriptional activator of Hh signaling, is essential for hair follicle development and its overexpression in epidermis induces BCC formation and maintains tumor growth. Despite its importance in skin development and tumorigenesis, little is known about the molecular regulation of Gli2. Sufu and Kif7 are two evolutionarily conserved regulators of Gli transcription factors. Here, we show that Sufu and Kif7 regulate Gli2 through distinct mechanisms in keratinocytes. Sufu restricts the activity of Gli2 through cytoplasmic sequestration. Kif7 possesses Sufu-dependent and -independent regulatory functions in Hh signaling: while it promotes Hh pathway activity through the dissociation of Sufu-Gli2 complex, it also contributes to the repression of Hh target genes in the absence of Sufu. Deletion of both Sufu and Kif7 in embryonic skin leads to complete loss of follicular fate. Importantly, although inactivation of Sufu or Kif7 alone in adult epidermis cannot promote BCC formation, their simultaneous deletion induces BCC. These studies establish Sufu and Kif7 as crucial components in the regulation of Gli2 localization and activity, and illustrate their overlapping functions in skin development and tumor suppression.