Gene: HMGA1

3159
HMG-R|HMGA1A|HMGIY
high mobility group AT-hook 1
protein-coding
6p21.31
Ensembl:ENSG00000137309 MIM:600701 Vega:OTTHUMG00000014539 UniprotKB:P17096
NG_029020.1
PubMed
ND
2   
NA (AD)  NA (ND)   (Frontal_Cortex)
3.249e-1 (AD)  1.966e-1 (ND)

DNA Methylation

Probe Locus(GRCh37) Gene Region p-val Trait PubMed ID
cg10167849chr6:34206152HMGA1Promoter4.491e-4Alcohol use disorders26763658
cg02654940chr6:34206400HMGA11.900e-18Smoking27651444
cg22797644chr6:34206491HMGA14.500e-9Smoking27651444
cg02654940chr6:34206400HMGA11.450e-9Alcohol consumption der day27843151
cg08335767chr6:34206495HMGA14.750e-9Alcohol consumption der day27843151
cg22797644chr6:34206491HMGA12.570e-11Alcohol consumption der day27843151

Gene Expression in Different Tissues

Temporal and Spatial Expressions (BrainSpan)

Footnote:
SC: sub-cortical regions; SM: sensory-motor regions; FC: frontal cortex; and TP: temporal-parietal cortex
ST1: fetal (13 - 26 postconception weeks), ST2: early infancy to late childhood (4 months to 11 years), and ST3: adolescence to adulthood (13 - 23 years)
The bar shown representes average value of the expressions.

Top Co-expressed Genes in Brain-Frontal Cortex (BA9) (GTEx v7)

Top 10 positively co-expressed genes

Gene Symbol Pearson Correlation Coefficient
USB10.889
ARHGDIA0.889
FNDC40.889
NTMT10.875
LRRC590.869
SNAPC20.868
ARPC20.867
PSMD80.866
ALKBH50.865
ARPC5L0.864

Top 10 negatively co-expressed genes

Gene Symbol Pearson Correlation Coefficient
OR4F5-0.679
OR4F29-0.624
P2RY14-0.336
VNN3-0.296
PARD3B-0.283
ASB4-0.269
PON3-0.259
MBNL3-0.258
CTNNA3-0.258
OLAH-0.253

Drugs/Compounds

    There is no DrugBank record for this gene !

ID Drug Name Action PubMed
C0297902,2',3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl"[2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,4,5,2',5'-pentachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,2',3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl co-treated with PCB 180] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"25510870
C0142112,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran"2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran affects the expression of HMGA1 mRNA"20702594
C0294972,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone"[Coumestrol co-treated with 2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone] results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"19167446
C0630022,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone"2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"17547211
C0817662,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl"[2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,4,5,2',5'-pentachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,2',3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl co-treated with PCB 180] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"25510870
C0140242,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl"2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl results in increased activity of HMGA1 protein"27589886
C0140242,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl"[2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,4,5,2',5'-pentachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,2',3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl co-treated with PCB 180] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"25510870
C0098282,4,5,2',5'-pentachlorobiphenyl"[2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,4,5,2',5'-pentachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,2',3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl co-treated with PCB 180] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"25510870
C0109142,4-diaminotoluene"2,4-diaminotoluene results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"20713471
C0094072,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl"[2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,4,5,2',5'-pentachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,2',3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl co-treated with PCB 180] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"25510870
C0020104-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride inhibits the reaction [[Estradiol co-treated with Progesterone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA]20660070
C0095054,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane"4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"18648102
C0275764-hydroxy-2-nonenal4-hydroxy-2-nonenal results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA12419474
C0757734-phenylbutyric acid4-phenylbutyric acid results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA14583596
D000082AcetaminophenAcetaminophen results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA29067470
D020106AcrylamideAcrylamide results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA28959563
D016604Aflatoxin B1Aflatoxin B1 results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA22100608
C077990alvocidibalvocidib results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA21239698
D000643Ammonium ChlorideAmmonium Chloride affects the expression of HMGA1 mRNA16483693
D000965AntimonyAntimony results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA17547211
D000966Antimony Potassium TartrateAntimony Potassium Tartrate results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA17547211
C006632arsenic trioxidearsenic trioxide results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA17547211
D017638Asbestos, Crocidolite"Asbestos, Crocidolite affects the expression of HMGA1 mRNA"17331233
D017638Asbestos, Crocidolite"Asbestos, Crocidolite results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"12839939
D017638Asbestos, Crocidolite"Asbestos, Crocidolite results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"12839939
D001374AzacitidineAzacitidine results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA20823114
C006703benzo(b)fluoranthenebenzo(b)fluoranthene results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA26377693
C022921benzo(k)fluoranthenebenzo(k)fluoranthene results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA26377693
D001564Benzo(a)pyreneBenzo(a)pyrene results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA19770486
D001564Benzo(a)pyreneBenzo(a)pyrene results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA22228805
D004958Estradiol4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride inhibits the reaction [[Estradiol co-treated with Progesterone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA]20660070
D004958Estradiol[Estradiol co-treated with Progesterone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA20660070
D004958EstradiolEstradiol results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA23019147
D004958EstradiolN-(2(R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl)-L-tryptophan methylamide inhibits the reaction [[Estradiol co-treated with Progesterone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA]20660070
D004958Estradiolpepstatin inhibits the reaction [[Estradiol co-treated with Progesterone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA]20660070
C543008bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone[INS protein co-treated with Dexamethasone co-treated with 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine co-treated with Indomethacin co-treated with bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA28628672
C006780bisphenol A[INS protein co-treated with Dexamethasone co-treated with 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine co-treated with Indomethacin co-treated with bisphenol A] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA28628672
C006780bisphenol Abisphenol A affects the methylation of HMGA1 promoter27334623
C006780bisphenol Abisphenol A results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA26063408
C006780bisphenol Abisphenol A affects the expression of HMGA1 mRNA25181051
C013418bromfenacoumbromfenacoum results in increased expression of HMGA1 protein28903499
D0151248-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA22079614
C515564bromovaninbromovanin results in increased expression of HMGA1 protein21419150
D020122tert-Butylhydroperoxidetert-Butylhydroperoxide results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA12419474
D020122tert-Butylhydroperoxidetert-Butylhydroperoxide results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA15336504
C584509C646 compoundC646 compound results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA26191083
D019256Cadmium ChlorideCadmium Chloride results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA12160620
D019256Cadmium ChlorideCadmium Chloride results in decreased methylation of HMGA1 promoter22457795
D002857ChromiumChromium results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA17547211
D002994ClofibrateClofibrate results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA23811191
D003042CocaineCocaine affects the expression of HMGA1 mRNA20187946
D003300Copper[ATP7A gene mutant form results in increased abundance of Copper] which results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA15467011
D019327Copper SulfateCopper Sulfate results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA19549813
D003375Coumestrol"[Coumestrol co-treated with 2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone] results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"19167446
D016572CyclosporineCyclosporine results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA25562108|2798913
D003907Dexamethasone[INS protein co-treated with Dexamethasone co-treated with 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine co-treated with Indomethacin co-treated with bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA28628672
D003907Dexamethasone[INS protein co-treated with Dexamethasone co-treated with 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine co-treated with Indomethacin co-treated with bisphenol A] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA28628672
D002945CisplatinCisplatin results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA27594783
D002945CisplatinCisplatin results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA21151649
D002945CisplatinCisplatin results in increased phosphorylation of HMGA1 protein22006019
D004054DiethylstilbestrolDiethylstilbestrol results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA17394237
D004128DimethylnitrosamineDimethylnitrosamine results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA17547211
C045651epigallocatechin gallate[potassium chromate(VI) co-treated with epigallocatechin gallate] results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA22079256
D005020Ethyl MethanesulfonateEthyl Methanesulfonate results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA23649840
D005411Flame RetardantsFlame Retardants results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA27219277
D005557FormaldehydeFormaldehyde results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA23649840|2893796
D005944GlucosamineGlucosamine results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA17109745
C412815GW 4064GW 4064 promotes the reaction [NR1H4 protein binds to HMGA1 gene]20091679
D055768Halogenated Diphenyl EthersHalogenated Diphenyl Ethers results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA27219277
D017313FenretinideFenretinide results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA28973697
D006861Hydrogen PeroxideHydrogen Peroxide results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA12419474
C492448ICG 001ICG 001 results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA26191083
D007213Indomethacin[INS protein co-treated with Dexamethasone co-treated with 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine co-treated with Indomethacin co-treated with bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA28628672
D007213Indomethacin[INS protein co-treated with Dexamethasone co-treated with 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine co-treated with Indomethacin co-treated with bisphenol A] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA28628672
D0150561-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine[INS protein co-treated with Dexamethasone co-treated with 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine co-treated with Indomethacin co-treated with bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA28628672
D0150561-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine[INS protein co-treated with Dexamethasone co-treated with 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine co-treated with Indomethacin co-treated with bisphenol A] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA28628672
C544151jinfukangjinfukang results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA27392435
D008694MethamphetamineMethamphetamine results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA25290377
D008694Methamphetamine[Methamphetamine co-treated with SCH 23390] results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA19564919
D008694MethamphetamineMethamphetamine results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA19564919
D008748MethylcholanthreneMethylcholanthrene results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA20713471
D008767Methylmercury CompoundsMethylmercury Compounds results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA22918959
D008741Methyl MethanesulfonateMethyl Methanesulfonate results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA23649840
D016685MitomycinHMGA1 protein affects the susceptibility to Mitomycin16217747
C078131N-(2(R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl)-L-tryptophan methylamideN-(2(R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl)-L-tryptophan methylamide inhibits the reaction [[Estradiol co-treated with Progesterone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA]20660070
D037742Nanotubes, Carbon"Nanotubes, Carbon analog results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"25554681
D037742Nanotubes, Carbon"Nanotubes, Carbon results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"25554681
C017096n-butoxyethanoln-butoxyethanol results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA19812364
D009538NicotineNicotine results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA16949557
C014707nitrosobenzylmethylamine[Zinc deficiency promotes the reaction [TRP53 gene mutant form results in increased susceptibility to nitrosobenzylmethylamine]] which results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA12517797
C410127PCB 180"[2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,4,5,2',5'-pentachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,2',3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl co-treated with 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl co-treated with PCB 180] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"25510870
C086401pentabromodiphenyl etherpentabromodiphenyl ether results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA26705709
C031375pepstatinpepstatin inhibits the reaction [[Estradiol co-treated with Progesterone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA]20660070
C023036perfluorooctanoic acidperfluorooctanoic acid results in increased activity of HMGA1 protein27589886
C006253pirinixic acidpirinixic acid results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA23811191
D010936Plant ExtractsPlant Extracts results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA23557933
C027373potassium chromate(VI)[potassium chromate(VI) co-treated with epigallocatechin gallate] results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA22079256
C027373potassium chromate(VI)potassium chromate(VI) results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA22079256
D011192Potassium DichromatePotassium Dichromate results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA17547211
D011374ProgesteroneProgesterone results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA23018184
D011374Progesterone4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride inhibits the reaction [[Estradiol co-treated with Progesterone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA]20660070
D011374Progesterone[Estradiol co-treated with Progesterone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA20660070
D011374ProgesteroneN-(2(R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl)-L-tryptophan methylamide inhibits the reaction [[Estradiol co-treated with Progesterone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA]20660070
D011374Progesteronepepstatin inhibits the reaction [[Estradiol co-treated with Progesterone] results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA]20660070
D011374ProgesteroneProgesterone results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA17404688|2066007
D011374ProgesteroneProgesterone results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA22238285
D011794QuercetinQuercetin results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA21632981
C534628SCH 23390[Methamphetamine co-treated with SCH 23390] results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA19564919
D012822Silicon DioxideSilicon Dioxide analog results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA25895662
D012999SomanSoman results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA19281266
C020806tetrabromobisphenol Atetrabromobisphenol A results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA25172293
D013749TetrachlorodibenzodioxinTetrachlorodibenzodioxin affects the expression of HMGA1 mRNA20702594
D013749TetrachlorodibenzodioxinTetrachlorodibenzodioxin results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA24058054
C014215tetrahydropalmatinetetrahydropalmatine results in decreased expression of HMGA1 protein20109541
D013849ThimerosalThimerosal results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA27188386
D019772TopotecanHMGA1 protein affects the susceptibility to Topotecan16217747
D014118Toxins, Biological"Toxins, Biological affects the expression of HMGA1 mRNA"19682533
C496197trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid"trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"17951470
C015559trimellitic anhydridetrimellitic anhydride results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA19042947
C016805tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate"tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA"26179874
D014635Valproic AcidValproic Acid results in increased methylation of HMGA1 gene29154799
D014640VancomycinVancomycin results in decreased expression of HMGA1 mRNA18930951
D015032Zinc[Zinc deficiency promotes the reaction [TRP53 gene mutant form results in increased susceptibility to nitrosobenzylmethylamine]] which results in increased expression of HMGA1 mRNA12517797

GO/Pathway

GO ID GO Term Qualifier Evidence PubMed
GO:0000981RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding-ISA-  
GO:0000981RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding-ISM19274049  
GO:0001158enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding-IDA9253416  
GO:0001205transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding-ISS-  
GO:0003677DNA binding-TAS10871404  
GO:0003680AT DNA binding-IDA9253416  
GO:0003680AT DNA binding-ISS-  
GO:0003680AT DNA binding-TAS10428834  
GO:0003682chromatin binding-ISS-  
GO:0003700DNA-binding transcription factor activity-IBA21873635  
GO:0003906DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity-IBA21873635  
GO:0005515protein binding-IPI10428834  12665574  18234858  
GO:0008134transcription factor binding-IDA10428834  
GO:0019899enzyme binding-IPI16157300  
GO:0030374ligand-dependent nuclear receptor transcription coactivator activity-IMP10428834  
GO:0042974retinoic acid receptor binding-IDA10428834  
GO:0042975peroxisome proliferator activated receptor binding-IDA10428834  
GO:0046965retinoid X receptor binding-IDA10428834  
GO ID GO Term Qualifier Evidence PubMed
GO:0006268DNA unwinding involved in DNA replication-NAS10428834  
GO:0006284base-excision repair-IBA21873635  
GO:0006337nucleosome disassembly-TAS10428834  
GO:0006355regulation of transcription, DNA-templated-IBA21873635  
GO:0006355regulation of transcription, DNA-templated-TAS10871404  
GO:0006366transcription by RNA polymerase II-IEA-  
GO:0008285negative regulation of cell proliferation-IMP16901784  
GO:0009615response to virus-IEP17005673  
GO:0031936negative regulation of chromatin silencing-TAS10428834  
GO:0035986senescence-associated heterochromatin focus assembly-IDA16901784  
GO:0045892negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated-IMP16901784  
GO:0045893positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated-IMP10428834  
GO:0045944positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II-ISS-  
GO:0051169nuclear transport-TAS-  
GO:0065003protein-containing complex assembly-TAS10428834  
GO:0075713establishment of integrated proviral latency-TAS-  
GO:0090402oncogene-induced cell senescence-IDA16901784  
GO:2000774positive regulation of cellular senescence-IMP16901784  
GO ID GO Term Qualifier Evidence PubMed
GO:0005634nucleus-HDA16791210  
GO:0005634nucleus-IBA21873635  
GO:0005634nucleus-IDA16901784  
GO:0005654nucleoplasm-TAS-  
GO:0005667transcription factor complex-TAS10428834  
GO:0005829cytosol-TAS-  
GO:0005925focal adhesion-HDA21423176  
GO:0035985senescence-associated heterochromatin focus-IDA16901784  
GO:0090575RNA polymerase II transcription factor complex-ISS-  
KEGG ID KEGG Term
Reactome ID Reactome Term Evidence
R-HSA-162587HIV Life CycleTAS
R-HSA-162592Integration of provirusTAS
R-HSA-162594Early Phase of HIV Life CycleTAS
R-HSA-162906HIV InfectionTAS
R-HSA-162909Host Interactions of HIV factorsTAS
R-HSA-1643685DiseaseTAS
R-HSA-1648432-LTR circle formationTAS
R-HSA-175567Integration of viral DNA into host genomic DNATAS
R-HSA-176033Interactions of Vpr with host cellular proteinsTAS
R-HSA-177539Autointegration results in viral DNA circlesTAS
R-HSA-180689APOBEC3G mediated resistance to HIV-1 infectionTAS
R-HSA-180910Vpr-mediated nuclear import of PICsTAS
R-HSA-2262752Cellular responses to stressTAS
R-HSA-2559583Cellular SenescenceTAS
R-HSA-2559584Formation of Senescence-Associated Heterochromatin Foci (SAHF)TAS
R-HSA-2559586DNA Damage/Telomere Stress Induced SenescenceTAS
R-HSA-5663205Infectious diseaseTAS
R-HSA-8953897Cellular responses to external stimuliTAS

Interactions (STRING v10.5, Interaction Score >= 0.400)

Publications (Co-occurrence of gene symbol strings and ANCO-Dependence terms)

PMID Title (Year) Author Journal
24121172Endobronchial lipomatous tumors: clinicopathologic analysis of 12 cases with molecular cytogenetic evidence supporting classification as "lipoma". (2013 Nov)Boland JMAm J Surg Pathol
23978819Generalization of adiposity genetic loci to US Hispanic women. (2013 Aug 26)Graff MNutr Diabetes