FUNCTION: NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related to many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, t...
FUNCTION: NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related to many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52 and the heterodimeric p65-p50 complex appears to be most abundant one. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively. NF-kappa-B is controlled by various mechanisms of post-translational modification and subcellular compartmentalization as well as by interactions with other cofactors or corepressors. NF-kappa-B complexes are held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state complexed with members of the NF-kappa-B inhibitor (I-kappa-B) family. In a conventional activation pathway, I-kappa-B is phosphorylated by I-kappa-B kinases (IKKs) in response to different activators, subsequently degraded thus liberating the active NF-kappa-B complex which translocates to the nucleus. NF-kappa-B heterodimeric p65-p50 and RelB-p50 complexes are transcriptional activators. The NF-kappa-B p50-p50 homodimer is a transcriptional repressor, but can act as a transcriptional activator when associated with BCL3. NFKB1 appears to have dual functions such as cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappa-B proteins by p105 and generation of p50 by a cotranslational processing. The proteasome-mediated process ensures the production of both p50 and p105 and preserves their independent function, although processing of NFKB1/p105 also appears to occur post-translationally. p50 binds to the kappa-B consensus sequence 5'-GGRNNYYCC-3', located in the enhancer region of genes involved in immune response and acute phase reactions. In a complex with MAP3K8, NFKB1/p105 represses MAP3K8-induced MAPK signaling; active MAP3K8 is released by proteasome-dependent degradation of NFKB1/p105. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15485931}.
View more >>
GO - Biological processes (BP):
apoptotic process [GO:0006915]; cellular response to angiotensin [GO:1904385]; cellular response to dsRNA [GO:0071359]; cellular response to interleukin-1 [GO:0071347]; cellular response to interleukin-6 [GO:0071354]; cellular response to lipopolysaccharide [GO:0071222]; cellular response to mechani...
apoptotic process [GO:0006915]; cellular response to angiotensin [GO:1904385]; cellular response to dsRNA [GO:0071359]; cellular response to interleukin-1 [GO:0071347]; cellular response to interleukin-6 [GO:0071354]; cellular response to lipopolysaccharide [GO:0071222]; cellular response to mechanical stimulus [GO:0071260]; cellular response to nicotine [GO:0071316]; cellular response to tumor necrosis factor [GO:0071356]; cellular response to virus [GO:0098586]; inflammatory response [GO:0006954]; JNK cascade [GO:0007254]; negative regulation of apoptotic process [GO:0043066]; negative regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity [GO:0010956]; negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process [GO:0032269]; negative regulation of cholesterol transport [GO:0032375]; negative regulation of gene expression [GO:0010629]; negative regulation of inflammatory response [GO:0050728]; negative regulation of interleukin-12 production [GO:0032695]; negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II [GO:0000122]; negative regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process [GO:0010957]; positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway [GO:0090263]; positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process [GO:1900127]; positive regulation of lipid storage [GO:0010884]; positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation [GO:0010744]; positive regulation of miRNA metabolic process [GO:2000630]; positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated [GO:0045893]; positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II [GO:0045944]; regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II [GO:0006357]; response to muscle stretch [GO:0035994]; transcription by RNA polymerase II [GO:0006366]
View more >>
GO - Molecular function (MF):
actinin binding [GO:0042805]; chromatin binding [GO:0003682]; DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific [GO:0001228]; DNA-binding transcription factor activity [GO:0003700]; DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific [GO:0000981]; DNA-binding...
actinin binding [GO:0042805]; chromatin binding [GO:0003682]; DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific [GO:0001228]; DNA-binding transcription factor activity [GO:0003700]; DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific [GO:0000981]; DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific [GO:0001227]; enzyme binding [GO:0019899]; identical protein binding [GO:0042802]; RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding [GO:0000978]; RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding [GO:0000977]; transcription cis-regulatory region binding [GO:0000976]; transcription coactivator binding [GO:0001223]
View more >>
GO - Cellular component (CC):
chromatin [GO:0000785]; cytoplasm [GO:0005737]; cytosol [GO:0005829]; extracellular region [GO:0005576]; I-kappaB/NF-kappaB complex [GO:0033256]; mitochondrion [GO:0005739]; NF-kappaB complex [GO:0071159]; NF-kappaB p50/p65 complex [GO:0035525]; nucleoplasm [GO:0005654]; nucleus [GO:0005634]; secret...
chromatin [GO:0000785]; cytoplasm [GO:0005737]; cytosol [GO:0005829]; extracellular region [GO:0005576]; I-kappaB/NF-kappaB complex [GO:0033256]; mitochondrion [GO:0005739]; NF-kappaB complex [GO:0071159]; NF-kappaB p50/p65 complex [GO:0035525]; nucleoplasm [GO:0005654]; nucleus [GO:0005634]; secretory granule lumen [GO:0034774]; specific granule lumen [GO:0035580]
View more >>