Gene Page: PAK1

Summary
GeneID  5058
Symbol  PAK1
Synonyms  MGC130000|MGC130001|PAKalpha
Description  p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase 1
See related  HGNC:8590|MIM:602590|Ensembl:ENSG00000149269|HPRD:03995|
Locus tag  -
Gene type  protein-coding
Map location  11q13-q14
 
Gene in Data Sources
Gene set name Method of gene set Evidence Info
GO_AnnotationMapping neuro-related keywords to Gene Ontology annotationsHits with neuro-related keywords: 4 
NetworkShortest path distance of core genes in the Human protein-protein interaction networkContribution to shortest path in PPI network: 0.6755 
 
General Gene Expression (microarray) ?
 
Gene Expression in Brain Regions (new)
 
Top co-expressed genes in Brain Regions (new)
GenePearson's Correlation Spearman's Correlation
Top 10 positively co-expressed genes
RARB0.930.48
EBF10.930.41
IKZF10.920.52
ZNF5210.910.61
C10orf410.910.33
DLX60.900.54
PDYN0.890.35
TSPAN90.880.56
GPR1490.880.53
NTN10.880.44
Top 10 negatively co-expressed genes
CHPT1-0.24-0.25
PTH1R-0.23-0.35
C5orf53-0.22-0.33
AF347015.31-0.22-0.49
COPZ2-0.22-0.41
RTN4RL2-0.220.06
COX4I2-0.22-0.45
C1S-0.22-0.02
MUSTN1-0.22-0.38
CA4-0.22-0.33
Gene Ontology
Molecular functionGO termEvidenceNeuro keywordsPubMed ID
GO:0000166nucleotide bindingIEA-
GO:0005515protein bindingIPI12624090 |12879077 |15350535 
|16278681 |18086875 
GO:0005524ATP bindingIEA-
GO:0004674protein serine/threonine kinase activityTAS16278681 
GO:0016740transferase activityIEA-
Biological processGO termEvidenceNeuro keywordsPubMed ID
GO:0007528neuromuscular junction developmentIEASynap (GO term level: 10)-
GO:0016358dendrite developmentIEAneurite, dendrite (GO term level: 11)-
GO:0000165MAPKKK cascadeIDA8805275 
GO:0007010cytoskeleton organizationTAS16278681 
GO:0006984ER-nuclear signaling pathwayTAS16278681 
GO:0006915apoptosisIEA-
GO:0043507positive regulation of JNK activityIMP8805275 
GO:0043113receptor clusteringIEA-
GO:0046777protein amino acid autophosphorylationIDA8805275 
Cellular componentGO termEvidenceNeuro keywordsPubMed ID
GO:0030426growth coneIEAaxon, dendrite (GO term level: 5)-
GO:0030424axonIEAneuron, axon, Neurotransmitter (GO term level: 6)-
GO:0005794Golgi apparatusIDA18029348 
GO:0005634nucleusIEA-
GO:0005737cytoplasmIDA16278681 
GO:0005886plasma membraneIDA16278681 
GO:0030054cell junctionIEA-
 
Protein-protein InteractionsShown by network
InteractorsAliases BOfficial full name BExperimentalSourcePubMed ID
ABI3NESH | SSH3BP3ABI family, member 3-HPRD,BioGRID11956071 
AKT1AKT | MGC99656 | PKB | PKB-ALPHA | PRKBA | RAC | RAC-ALPHAv-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1Reconstituted ComplexBioGRID14749719 
ARHGDIAGDIA1 | MGC117248 | RHOGDI | RHOGDI-1Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) alphaPak1 interacts with and phosphorylates RhoGDI. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between Pak1 from an unspecified species and human RhoGDI.BIND15225553 
ARHGEF2DKFZp547L106 | DKFZp547P1516 | GEF | GEF-H1 | GEFH1 | KIAA0651 | LFP40 | P40rho/rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 2Affinity Capture-MS
Reconstituted Complex
BioGRID14970201 
ARHGEF6COOL2 | Cool-2 | KIAA0006 | MRX46 | PIXA | alpha-PIX | alphaPIXRac/Cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 6-HPRD,BioGRID9659915 
ARHGEF7BETA-PIX | COOL1 | DKFZp686C12170 | DKFZp761K1021 | KIAA0142 | KIAA0412 | Nbla10314 | P50 | P50BP | P85 | P85COOL1 | P85SPR | PAK3 | PIXBRho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 7-HPRD,BioGRID11157752|12006652 
ARPC1BARC41 | p40-ARC | p41-ARCactin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 1B, 41kDa-HPRD,BioGRID14749719 
BAIAP2BAP2 | IRSP53BAI1-associated protein 2Reconstituted ComplexBioGRID11130076 
BMXETK | PSCTK2 | PSCTK3BMX non-receptor tyrosine kinase-HPRD,BioGRID11382770 
CDC2L2CDC2L3 | CDK11-p110 | CDK11-p46 | CDK11-p58 | MGC131975 | PITSLRE | p58GTAcell division cycle 2-like 2 (PITSLRE proteins)-HPRD,BioGRID12624090 
CDC42CDC42Hs | G25Kcell division cycle 42 (GTP binding protein, 25kDa)Reconstituted ComplexBioGRID12650940 
PAK1 interacts with an unspecified isoform of Cdc42. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between PAK1 from an unspecified species and human Cdc42.BIND15864311 
-HPRD7744004 |8107774 
|9705280|9705280 
Cdc42 interacts with Pak1. This interaction was modelled on a demonstrated interaction between Cdc42 from an unspecified species and human Pak1.BIND12944407 
CDK5PSSALREcyclin-dependent kinase 5Affinity Capture-Western
Biochemical Activity
BioGRID11604394 
CDK5R1CDK5P35 | CDK5R | MGC33831 | NCK5A | p23 | p25 | p35 | p35nck5acyclin-dependent kinase 5, regulatory subunit 1 (p35)-HPRD11604394 
COL1A1OI4collagen, type I, alpha 1-HPRD,BioGRID10772928 
CSNK2A1CK2A1 | CKIIcasein kinase 2, alpha 1 polypeptide-HPRD10938077 
CSNK2A2CK2A2 | CSNK2A1 | FLJ43934casein kinase 2, alpha prime polypeptide-HPRD10938077 
DYNLL1DLC1 | DLC8 | DNCL1 | DNCLC1 | LC8 | LC8a | MGC126137 | MGC126138 | PIN | hdlc1dynein, light chain, LC8-type 1Affinity Capture-Western
Biochemical Activity
Reconstituted Complex
Two-hybrid
BioGRID15193260 
EGFRERBB | ERBB1 | HER1 | PIG61 | mENAepidermal growth factor receptor (erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-b) oncogene homolog, avian)Tyrosine-phosphorylated EGFR interacts with PAK1.BIND12522133 
ERBB2CD340 | HER-2 | HER-2/neu | HER2 | NEU | NGL | TKR1v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, neuro/glioblastoma derived oncogene homolog (avian)-HPRD,BioGRID9774445 
GRB2ASH | EGFRBP-GRB2 | Grb3-3 | MST084 | MSTP084growth factor receptor-bound protein 2PAK1 interacts with Grb2.BIND12522133 
HGSHRS | ZFYVE8hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate-HPRD,BioGRID11397816 
HIST4H4H4/p | MGC24116histone cluster 4, H4PAK1 phosphorylates H4. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between human PAK1 and H4 from an unspecified species.BIND15864311 
LIMK1LIMKLIM domain kinase 1-HPRD,BioGRID10559936 
MYLKDKFZp686I10125 | FLJ12216 | KRP | MLCK | MLCK1 | MLCK108 | MLCK210 | MSTP083 | MYLK1 | smMLCKmyosin light chain kinase-HPRD,BioGRID10092231 
NCF1CSH3PXD1Cneutrophil cytosolic factor 1C pseudogenePak1 interacts with and phosphorylates P47. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between Pak1 and P47 from unspecified species.BIND15225553 
NCK1MGC12668 | NCK | NCKalphaNCK adaptor protein 1-HPRD8824201 |11278241 
Nck interacts with PAK1BIND8824201 
-HPRD,BioGRID8824201 
NCK2GRB4 | NCKbetaNCK adaptor protein 2-HPRD,BioGRID10026169 |11557983 
NF2ACN | BANF | SCHneurofibromin 2 (merlin)Merlin interacts with Pak1BIND14580336 
-HPRD14580336 
PAK1MGC130000 | MGC130001 | PAKalphap21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase 1-HPRD,BioGRID11804587 
PAK1IP1FLJ20624 | MAK11 | PIP1 | RP11-421M1.5 | WDR84 | bA421M1.5 | hPIP1PAK1 interacting protein 1-HPRD,BioGRID11371639 
PKLRPK1 | PKL | PKR | PKRL | RPKpyruvate kinase, liver and RBCAffinity Capture-WesternBioGRID12006652 
PLCG1PLC-II | PLC1 | PLC148 | PLCgamma1phospholipase C, gamma 1-HPRD,BioGRID12085993 
PPM1FCaMKPase | FEM-2 | KIAA0015 | POPX2 | hFEM-2protein phosphatase 1F (PP2C domain containing)-HPRD11864573 
PXNFLJ16691paxillin-HPRD10330411 
RAC1MGC111543 | MIG5 | TC-25 | p21-Rac1ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac1)PAK1 interacts with an unspecified isoform of Rac. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between human PAK1 and Rac from Chinese hamster.BIND15975516 
PAK1 interacts with an unspecified isoform of Rac. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between PAK1 from an unspecified species and human Rac.BIND15864311 
-HPRD7744004 |8107774 
|11134022 |11950930|11134022 
Reconstituted ComplexBioGRID12650940 |12879077 
Active GTP-bound RAC1 interacts with PAK1B. This interaction was modelled on a demonstrated interaction between chicken RAC1 and human PAK1B.BIND15735674 
Rac1 interacts with Pak1. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between Rac1 and Pak1 from an unspecified species.BIND15652748 
Rac1 interacts with Pak1. This interaction was modelled on a demonstrated interacton between Rac1 from an unspecified species and human Pak1.BIND12944407 
RAF1CRAF | NS5 | Raf-1 | c-Rafv-raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1-HPRD,BioGRID11733498 
RHOJARHJ | FLJ14445 | MGC34777 | RASL7B | TC10B | TCLras homolog gene family, member J-HPRD,BioGRID10967094 
RHOUARHU | CDC42L1 | DJ646B12.2 | FLJ10616 | WRCH1 | fJ646B12.2 | hG28Kras homolog gene family, member UWrch-1 interacts with PAK. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interactions between human Wrch-1 and rat PAK.BIND15556869 
SPENKIAA0929 | MINT | RP1-134O19.1 | SHARPspen homolog, transcriptional regulator (Drosophila)Pak1 phosphorylates SHARP. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between Pak1 and SHARP both from an unspecified species.BIND15824732 
TGFBR2AAT3 | FAA3 | LDS1B | LDS2B | MFS2 | RIIC | TAAD2 | TGFR-2 | TGFbeta-RIItransforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80kDa)T-beta-RII interacts with PAK1. This interaction was modeled on a demonstrated interaction between human T-beta-RII and mouse PAK1.BIND15761153 
 
Pathway annotation
Pathway namePathway size# SZGR genes in pathwayInfo
KEGG_MAPK_SIGNALING_PATHWAY 267205All SZGR genes in this pathway
KEGG_ERBB_SIGNALING_PATHWAY 8771All SZGR genes in this pathway
KEGG_CHEMOKINE_SIGNALING_PATHWAY 190128All SZGR genes in this pathway
KEGG_AXON_GUIDANCE 129103All SZGR genes in this pathway
KEGG_FOCAL_ADHESION 201138All SZGR genes in this pathway
KEGG_NATURAL_KILLER_CELL_MEDIATED_CYTOTOXICITY 13792All SZGR genes in this pathway
KEGG_T_CELL_RECEPTOR_SIGNALING_PATHWAY 10889All SZGR genes in this pathway
KEGG_FC_GAMMA_R_MEDIATED_PHAGOCYTOSIS 9771All SZGR genes in this pathway
KEGG_REGULATION_OF_ACTIN_CYTOSKELETON 216144All SZGR genes in this pathway
KEGG_EPITHELIAL_CELL_SIGNALING_IN_HELICOBACTER_PYLORI_INFECTION 6844All SZGR genes in this pathway
KEGG_RENAL_CELL_CARCINOMA 7060All SZGR genes in this pathway
BIOCARTA_AGR_PATHWAY 3631All SZGR genes in this pathway
BIOCARTA_AT1R_PATHWAY 3628All SZGR genes in this pathway
BIOCARTA_FAS_PATHWAY 3022All SZGR genes in this pathway
BIOCARTA_FMLP_PATHWAY 3929All SZGR genes in this pathway
BIOCARTA_RACCYCD_PATHWAY 2623All SZGR genes in this pathway
BIOCARTA_PYK2_PATHWAY 3124All SZGR genes in this pathway
BIOCARTA_MAPK_PATHWAY 8768All SZGR genes in this pathway
BIOCARTA_RAC1_PATHWAY 2316All SZGR genes in this pathway
BIOCARTA_NKCELLS_PATHWAY 2013All SZGR genes in this pathway
BIOCARTA_CDC42RAC_PATHWAY 1613All SZGR genes in this pathway
BIOCARTA_MET_PATHWAY 3730All SZGR genes in this pathway
BIOCARTA_TNFR1_PATHWAY 2921All SZGR genes in this pathway
SIG_PIP3_SIGNALING_IN_CARDIAC_MYOCTES 6754All SZGR genes in this pathway
SIG_CHEMOTAXIS 4537All SZGR genes in this pathway
SIG_REGULATION_OF_THE_ACTIN_CYTOSKELETON_BY_RHO_GTPASES 3525All SZGR genes in this pathway
ST_INTEGRIN_SIGNALING_PATHWAY 8262All SZGR genes in this pathway
ST_T_CELL_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION 4533All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_MET_PATHWAY 8060All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_EPHB_FWD_PATHWAY 4038All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_P38_ALPHA_BETA_PATHWAY 3125All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_CDC42_PATHWAY 7051All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_ANGIOPOIETIN_RECEPTOR_PATHWAY 5041All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_NETRIN_PATHWAY 3227All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_CXCR4_PATHWAY 10278All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_ERBB1_RECEPTOR_PROXIMAL_PATHWAY 3529All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_PLK1_PATHWAY 4625All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_PDGFRB_PATHWAY 129103All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_AURORA_A_PATHWAY 3120All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_S1P_S1P2_PATHWAY 2419All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_EPHA2_FWD_PATHWAY 1916All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_RAC1_PATHWAY 5437All SZGR genes in this pathway
PID_FAK_PATHWAY 5945All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_DEVELOPMENTAL_BIOLOGY 396292All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_CELL_CELL_COMMUNICATION 12077All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_TCR_SIGNALING 5446All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_GENERATION_OF_SECOND_MESSENGER_MOLECULES 2725All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_AXON_GUIDANCE 251188All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_CD28_CO_STIMULATION 3226All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_ACTIVATION_OF_RAC 1411All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_SEMA3A_PAK_DEPENDENT_AXON_REPULSION 1514All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_CD28_DEPENDENT_VAV1_PATHWAY 1110All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_SEMAPHORIN_INTERACTIONS 6853All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_COSTIMULATION_BY_THE_CD28_FAMILY 6348All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_SIGNALING_BY_ROBO_RECEPTOR 3026All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_L1CAM_INTERACTIONS 8662All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION_BY_L1 3425All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_DSCAM_INTERACTIONS 1110All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_IMMUNE_SYSTEM 933616All SZGR genes in this pathway
REACTOME_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM 539350All SZGR genes in this pathway
HUTTMANN_B_CLL_POOR_SURVIVAL_UP 276187All SZGR genes in this pathway
RODRIGUES_THYROID_CARCINOMA_POORLY_DIFFERENTIATED_DN 805505All SZGR genes in this pathway
ENK_UV_RESPONSE_KERATINOCYTE_DN 485334All SZGR genes in this pathway
CHIN_BREAST_CANCER_COPY_NUMBER_UP 2718All SZGR genes in this pathway
GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_DN 17811082All SZGR genes in this pathway
LASTOWSKA_NEUROBLASTOMA_COPY_NUMBER_DN 800473All SZGR genes in this pathway
SNIJDERS_AMPLIFIED_IN_HEAD_AND_NECK_TUMORS 3727All SZGR genes in this pathway
PATIL_LIVER_CANCER 747453All SZGR genes in this pathway
MARTORIATI_MDM4_TARGETS_NEUROEPITHELIUM_DN 164111All SZGR genes in this pathway
OXFORD_RALA_OR_RALB_TARGETS_DN 2417All SZGR genes in this pathway
BENPORATH_ES_1 379235All SZGR genes in this pathway
BENPORATH_OCT4_TARGETS 290172All SZGR genes in this pathway
BENPORATH_SOX2_TARGETS 734436All SZGR genes in this pathway
STARK_PREFRONTAL_CORTEX_22Q11_DELETION_DN 517309All SZGR genes in this pathway
LEE_TARGETS_OF_PTCH1_AND_SUFU_DN 8369All SZGR genes in this pathway
NIKOLSKY_BREAST_CANCER_11Q12_Q14_AMPLICON 15893All SZGR genes in this pathway
MATSUDA_NATURAL_KILLER_DIFFERENTIATION 475313All SZGR genes in this pathway
ZHAN_MULTIPLE_MYELOMA_HP_UP 4926All SZGR genes in this pathway
IVANOVA_HEMATOPOIESIS_EARLY_PROGENITOR 532309All SZGR genes in this pathway
LU_AGING_BRAIN_DN 153120All SZGR genes in this pathway
VERRECCHIA_RESPONSE_TO_TGFB1_C1 1915All SZGR genes in this pathway
VERRECCHIA_EARLY_RESPONSE_TO_TGFB1 5843All SZGR genes in this pathway
WU_HBX_TARGETS_3_DN 139All SZGR genes in this pathway
LEE_CALORIE_RESTRICTION_NEOCORTEX_DN 8858All SZGR genes in this pathway
BAELDE_DIABETIC_NEPHROPATHY_DN 434302All SZGR genes in this pathway
DURCHDEWALD_SKIN_CARCINOGENESIS_DN 264168All SZGR genes in this pathway
CREIGHTON_ENDOCRINE_THERAPY_RESISTANCE_3 720440All SZGR genes in this pathway
MCCABE_BOUND_BY_HOXC6 469239All SZGR genes in this pathway
MCCABE_HOXC6_TARGETS_DN 2115All SZGR genes in this pathway
ACEVEDO_LIVER_CANCER_UP 973570All SZGR genes in this pathway
CLIMENT_BREAST_CANCER_COPY_NUMBER_UP 2320All SZGR genes in this pathway
MUELLER_PLURINET 299189All SZGR genes in this pathway
WANG_TUMOR_INVASIVENESS_UP 374247All SZGR genes in this pathway
RAY_TARGETS_OF_P210_BCR_ABL_FUSION_DN 1611All SZGR genes in this pathway
WALLACE_JAK2_TARGETS_UP 2615All SZGR genes in this pathway
LEE_RECENT_THYMIC_EMIGRANT 227128All SZGR genes in this pathway
ONO_AML1_TARGETS_UP 2414All SZGR genes in this pathway
ONO_FOXP3_TARGETS_UP 2315All SZGR genes in this pathway
HOSHIDA_LIVER_CANCER_SUBCLASS_S1 237159All SZGR genes in this pathway
CHANDRAN_METASTASIS_DN 306191All SZGR genes in this pathway
MIKKELSEN_ES_ICP_WITH_H3K4ME3 718401All SZGR genes in this pathway
BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_1HR_DN 222147All SZGR genes in this pathway
KIM_ALL_DISORDERS_CALB1_CORR_UP 548370All SZGR genes in this pathway
CHICAS_RB1_TARGETS_CONFLUENT 567365All SZGR genes in this pathway
PILON_KLF1_TARGETS_DN 19721213All SZGR genes in this pathway
BRUINS_UVC_RESPONSE_LATE 1137655All SZGR genes in this pathway
TORCHIA_TARGETS_OF_EWSR1_FLI1_FUSION_DN 321200All SZGR genes in this pathway
GOBERT_OLIGODENDROCYTE_DIFFERENTIATION_DN 1080713All SZGR genes in this pathway
KATSANOU_ELAVL1_TARGETS_DN 14888All SZGR genes in this pathway
LIM_MAMMARY_STEM_CELL_DN 428246All SZGR genes in this pathway
ZWANG_TRANSIENTLY_UP_BY_1ST_EGF_PULSE_ONLY 1839928All SZGR genes in this pathway
CHEMELLO_SOLEUS_VS_EDL_MYOFIBERS_DN 1910All SZGR genes in this pathway
miRNA Targets ?
miRNA familyTarget positionmiRNA IDmiRNA seq
UTR startUTR endMatch method
let-7/9810891095m8hsa-let-7abrainUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUAGUU
hsa-let-7bbrainUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUGUGGUU
hsa-let-7cbrainUGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUGGUU
hsa-let-7dbrainAGAGGUAGUAGGUUGCAUAGU
hsa-let-7ebrainUGAGGUAGGAGGUUGUAUAGU
hsa-let-7fbrainUGAGGUAGUAGAUUGUAUAGUU
hsa-miR-98brainUGAGGUAGUAAGUUGUAUUGUU
hsa-let-7gSZUGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUACAGU
hsa-let-7ibrainUGAGGUAGUAGUUUGUGCUGU
miR-1505545601Ahsa-miR-150UCUCCCAACCCUUGUACCAGUG
miR-221/2226596661A,m8hsa-miR-221brainAGCUACAUUGUCUGCUGGGUUUC
hsa-miR-222brainAGCUACAUCUGGCUACUGGGUCUC
miR-34b12021208m8hsa-miR-34bUAGGCAGUGUCAUUAGCUGAUUG
miR-376c6576631Ahsa-miR-376cAACAUAGAGGAAAUUCCACG
miR-485-5p15221A,m8hsa-miR-485-5pAGAGGCUGGCCGUGAUGAAUUC
miR-962531m8hsa-miR-96brainUUUGGCACUAGCACAUUUUUGC
  • SZ: miRNAs which differentially expressed in brain cortex of schizophrenia patients comparing with control samples using microarray. Click here to see the list of SZ related miRNAs.
  • Brain: miRNAs which are expressed in brain based on miRNA microarray expression studies. Click here to see the list of brain related miRNAs.


Copyright © Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine Laboratory All Rights Reserved since 2009.