| 1 | Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001 Oct 104: 264-72 |
|---|---|
| PMID | 11722301 |
| Title | Internal consistency, intercriterion overlap and diagnostic efficiency of criteria sets for DSM-IV schizotypal, borderline, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. |
| Abstract | To evaluate performance characteristics of DSM-IV Personality Disorders (PDs) criteria. Six hundred and sixty-eight adults recruited for the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS) were assessed with diagnostic interviews. Within-category inter-relatedness was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha and median intercriterion correlations (MIC). Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.47 to 0.87 (median=0.71); seven of the 10 PDs had alphas greater than 0.70. Between-category criterion overlap was evaluated by "inter-category" intercriterion correlations between all PD pairs (ICMIC). ICMIC values (median=0.08) were lower than MIC values (median=0.23). Diagnostic efficiency statistics (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power and negative predictive power were calculated for schizotypal, borderline, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive PDs. DSM-IV PD criteria sets have some convergent validity and discriminant validity: criteria for individual PDs correlate better with each other than with criteria for other PDs. Diagnostic efficiency statistics provide guidance regarding usefulness of criteria for inclusion or exclusion. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizotypal |
| 2 | Int J Eat Disord 2003 Mar 33: 155-64 |
| PMID | 12616581 |
| Title | Do eating disorders co-occur with personality disorders? Comparison groups matter. |
| Abstract | To assess and compare lifetime rates of occurrence of eating disorders (ED) with four Axis II personality disorders (PD) and with major depressive disorder (MDD) without PD. The eating disorders met criteria outlined in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Six hundred sixty-eight patients recruited for the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS) were reliably assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders and the Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders. The distribution of ED diagnoses was compared among four PD study groups (schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive) and a fifth study group with MDD without any PD. The distribution of lifetime diagnoses of anorexia nervosa (N = 40), bulimia nervosa (N = 56), and eating disorder not otherwise specified (N = 118) did not differ significantly across the five study groups, between the MDD group versus all PD groups, and among the four PD study groups. ED diagnoses did not differentially co-occur significantly across common Axis I and II disorders. The pattern of ED lifetime co-occurrence rates demonstrates the powerful influence of base rates and highlights that declarations of comorbidity demand significant variations from base-rate patterns. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizotypal |
| 3 | Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004 Dec 110: 421-9 |
| PMID | 15521826 |
| Title | Stressful life events as predictors of functioning: findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study. |
| Abstract | Although much attention has been given to the effects of adverse childhood experiences on the development of personality disorders (PDs), we know far less about how recent life events influence the ongoing course of functioning. We examined the extent to which PD subjects differ in rates of life events and the extent to which life events impact psychosocial functioning. A total of 633 subjects were drawn from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS), a multi-site study of four personality disorders--schizotypal (STPD), borderline (BPD), avoidant (AVPD), obsessive-compulsive (OCPD)--and a comparison group of major depressive disorders (MDD) without PD. Borderline personality disorder subjects reported significantly more total negative life events than other PDs or subjects with MDD. Negative events, especially interpersonal events, predicted decreased psychosocial functioning over time. Our findings indicate higher rates of negative events in subjects with more severe PDs and suggest that negative life events adversely impact multiple areas of psychosocial functioning. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizotypal |
| 4 | Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006 May 113: 430-9 |
| PMID | 16603034 |
| Title | Hierarchical relationships between borderline, schizotypal, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. |
| Abstract | Comorbidity among personality disorders is widely considered problematic. The validity of one proposed solution, diagnostic hierarchies, was investigated in the current study with respect to borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. One approach used discriminant functions, derived from multiple psycho-social domains, that were used to classify comorbid individuals from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorder study (CLPS) to explore the possibility of hierarchical precedence of one personality disorder over another. A second approach examined the incremental increase in R(2)-value in predicting functioning and personality provided by each diagnosis over each other diagnosis. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder was consistently subordinate to other diagnoses, whereas other indications of hierarchical relationships were domain-specific. Results indicate minimal support for an over-arching hierarchical pattern among studied personality disorders, and suggest the inclusion of all relevant diagnoses in clinical practice. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizotypal |
| 5 | Am J Psychiatry 2010 May 167: 528-35 |
| PMID | 20160004 |
| Title | State effects of major depression on the assessment of personality and personality disorder. |
| Abstract | The authors sought to determine whether personality disorders diagnosed during a depressive episode have long-term outcomes more typical of those of other patients with personality disorders or those of patients with noncomorbid major depression. The authors used 6-year outcome data collected from the multisite Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS). Diagnoses and personality measures gathered from the study cohort at the index assessment using interview and self-report methods were associated with symptomatic, functional, and personality measures at 6-year follow-up. Of 668 patients initially recruited to the CLPS, 522 were followed for 6 years. All participants had either a DSM-IV diagnosis of one of four personality disorders (borderline, schizotypal, obsessive-compulsive, or avoidant) or a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depressive disorder with no accompanying personality disorder. Six-year outcomes for patients with comorbid personality disorder and major depressive disorder at the index evaluation were similar to those of patients with pure personality disorder and significantly worse than those of patients with pure major depressive disorder. Stability estimates of personality traits were similar for personality disorder patients with and without major depressive disorder at the index evaluation. These results suggest that personality disorder diagnoses established during depressive episodes are a valid reflection of personality pathology rather than an artifact of depressive mood. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizotypal |
| 6 | Compr Psychiatry 2012 Jul 53: 441-50 |
| PMID | 21864834 |
| Title | Prospective investigation of a PTSD personality typology among individuals with personality disorders. |
| Abstract | This study investigated the replicability of a previously proposed personality typology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD, and explored stability of cluster membership over a 6-month period. Participants with current PTSD (n = 156) were drawn from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS). The CLPS project tracked a large sample of individuals who met criteria for 1 of 4 target diagnoses (borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive) and a contrast group of individuals who met criteria for depression but no personality disorder. A cluster analysis using scales from the Schedule of Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality yielded 3 clusters: "internalizing," "externalizing," and "low pathology." Using K-means cluster analysis, the results did not replicate previous work. Using Ward's method, the hypothesized 3-cluster structure was confirmed at baseline but did not demonstrate temporal stability at 6 months. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizotypal |