| 1 | Neuropsychopharmacology 2006 Aug 31: 1832-7 |
|---|---|
| PMID | 16482082 |
| Title | Tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia is associated with prolactin-related sexual disturbances. |
| Abstract | Tardive dyskinesia (TD) may occur in never-medicated patients with psychotic illness, indicating the existence of non-medication, possibly disease-related, causes. We tested the hypothesis that, independent of the antipsychotic-induced rise in prolactin, the incidence of TD would be associated with the incidence of prolactin-related sexual disturbances (PRSD), which would be suggestive of a common pathology involving multiple dopamine tracts. Simple, global measures of TD and PRSD (loss of libido, amenorrhea, gynaecomastia, impotence, and galactorrhea) were rated in a prospective, observational European Health Outcomes Study (SOHO). New onset of TD and new onset of PRSD at 3, 6, and 12 months was analyzed in a risk set of 4263 patients using a Cox proportional hazard model yielding adjusted hazard ratios (AHR). Incidence of TD was significantly and linearly comorbid with the incidence of PRSD in both men and women. Compared to those with no PRSD, the risk for TD was 2.0 (95% CI: 1.1, 3.7) with one PRSD, 2.4 (95% CI: 1.3, 4.5) with two PRSD, and 3.6 (95% CI: 1.1, 11.8) with three PRSD. Associations were stronger in those who only had received prolactin-sparing medications (AHR per unit PRSD increase=2.0, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.3) than in those who only had received prolactin-raising medications (AHR=1.3, 95% CI: 0.9, 1.9). In people with schizophrenia, TD and PRSD show comorbidities that are independent of antipsychotic-induced alterations in plasma prolactin. This may suggest a shared, pandopaminergic pathological mechanism associated with schizophrenia itself, rather than only a medication effect. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic |
| 2 | Schizophr. Res. 2009 Dec 115: 325-32 |
| PMID | 19793638 |
| Title | Schizophrenia and the incidence of cardiovascular morbidity: a population-based longitudinal study in Ontario, Canada. |
| Abstract | Despite the high rates of cardiovascular mortality among people with schizophrenia, little is known about the incidence of cardiovascular morbidity in this population. We assessed whether individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, in comparison to a population-proxy comparison group (comprised of individuals receiving an appendicitis-related primary diagnosis), would have a significantly greater risk of subsequent readmission to an inpatient or Emergency Department setting with a cardiovascular condition. Using inpatient hospital discharge records from April 1, 2002 to March 31, 2006 in Ontario, Canada, we constructed a population-based cohort study of patients who were followed for a period up to 4 years. Individuals with a primary ICD-10 (F20) schizophrenia diagnosis (n=9815) were matched with persons with a primary ICD-10 appendicitis-related diagnosis (K35-37) on sex, age, average neighbourhood income level, and amount of follow-up time available. We used a Cox regression procedure to estimate group differences in time-to-readmission with a cardiovascular-related diagnosis. Individuals in the schizophrenia group had a significantly greater adjusted risk of readmission for a cardiovascular event in comparison to individuals in the Appendicitis group [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR)=1.43, 95% CI, 1.22-1.69]. Given the elevated risk of cardiovascular morbidity among individuals with schizophrenia, our findings add to the importance of screening and intervention programs for metabolic disorders and known cardiovascular risk factors among patients with schizophrenia. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic |
| 3 | Psychiatr Serv 2011 Oct 62: 1138-45 |
| PMID | 21969639 |
| Title | Predicting psychiatric hospital admission among adults with schizophrenia. |
| Abstract | The authors identified patient characteristics that increased risk of hospital admission among adults with schizophrenia. A total of 1,460 participants in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) clinical trial were followed from the time they began a randomized trial of medication to first schizophrenia-related hospital admission. In 869 person-years of follow-up, 203 patients were hospitalized. Increased risk of hospital admission was associated with early age (? 17 years) of first antipsychotic treatment (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]=2.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.49-3.11), psychiatric hospitalization in past year (AHR=2.99, CI=2.23-4.00), having had DSM-IV alcohol (AHR=1.56, CI=1.16-2.10) or drug (AHR=1.50, CI=1.13-2.00) use disorders in the past five years, and baseline severe symptoms according to the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (AHR=1.54, CI=1.04-2.27), presence of tardive dyskinesia (AHR=1.55, CI=1.07-2.23), a high score on the positive symptoms subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (AHR=1.52, CI=1.07-2.15), and low social function (AHR=1.45, CI=1.03-2.04). As compared with olanzapine, the drugs quetiapine (AHR=2.14, CI=1.39-3.31), perphenazine (AHR=1.80, CI=1.11-2.94), and ziprasidone (AHR=2.70, CI=1.64-4.44) were associated with increased hospitalization risk. Risperidone was associated with a lower hospitalization risk than quetiapine (AHR=1.50, CI=1.01-2.22) and ziprasidone (AHR=1.89, CI=1.19-3.01). Efforts to lower hospital admission risk among individuals with schizophrenia should focus on history of early onset, recent inpatient admission, severe positive symptoms, poor social function, high global illness severity, and comorbid substance use disorders and on selection of an appropriate antipsychotic medication. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic |
| 4 | Epilepsia 2011 Nov 52: 2036-42 |
| PMID | 21929680 |
| Title | Bidirectional relation between schizophrenia and epilepsy: a population-based retrospective cohort study. |
| Abstract | schizophrenia and epilepsy may share a mutual susceptibility. This study examined the bidirectional relation between the two disorders. We used claims data obtained from the Taiwan National Health Insurance database to conduct retrospective cohort analyses. Analysis 1 compared 5,195 patients with incident schizophrenia diagnosed in 1999-2008 with 20,776 controls without the disease randomly selected during the same period, frequency matched with sex and age. Analysis 2 comprised a similar method to compare 11,527 patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy with 46,032 randomly selected sex- and age-matched controls. At the end of 2008, analysis 1 measured the incidence and risk of developing epilepsy and analysis 2 measured the incidence and risk of developing schizophrenia. In analysis 1, the incidence of epilepsy was higher in the schizophrenia cohort than in the nonschizophrenia cohort (6.99 vs. 1.19 per 1,000 person-years) with an adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) of 5.88 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.71-7.36] for schizophrenia patients. In analysis 2, the incidence of schizophrenia was higher in the epilepsy cohort than in the nonepilepsy comparison cohort (3.53 vs. 0.46 per 1,000 person-years) with an AHR of 7.65 (95% CI 6.04-9.69) for epilepsy patients. The effect of schizophrenia on subsequent epilepsy was greater for women, but the association between epilepsy and elevated incidence of schizophrenia was more pronounced in men. We found a strong bidirectional relation between schizophrenia and epilepsy. These two conditions may share common causes. Further studies on the mechanism are required. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic |
| 5 | Psychol Med 2014 Jan 44: 71-84 |
| PMID | 23591021 |
| Title | Offspring psychopathology following preconception, prenatal and postnatal maternal bereavement stress. |
| Abstract | Preconception, prenatal and postnatal maternal stress is associated with increased offspring psychopathology, but findings are inconsistent and need replication. We estimated associations between maternal bereavement stress and offspring autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, suicide attempt and completed suicide. Using Swedish registers, we conducted the largest population-based study to date examining associations between stress exposure in 738,144 offspring born 1992-2000 for childhood outcomes and 2,155,221 offspring born 1973-1997 for adult outcomes with follow-up to 2009. Maternal stress was defined as death of a first-degree relative during (a) the 6 months before conception, (b) pregnancy or (c) the first two postnatal years. Cox proportional survival analyses were used to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) in unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Marginal increased risk of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia following preconception bereavement stress was not significant. Third-trimester prenatal stress increased the risk of ASD [adjusted HR (AHR) 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15-2.17] and ADHD (AHR 1.31, 95% CI 1.04-1.66). First postnatal year stress increased the risk of offspring suicide attempt (AHR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.25) and completed suicide (AHR 1.51, 95% CI 1.08-2.11). Bereavement stress during the second postnatal year increased the risk of ASD (AHR 1.30, 95% CI 1.09-1.55). Further research is needed regarding associations between preconception stress and psychopathological outcomes. Prenatal bereavement stress increases the risk of offspring ASD and ADHD. Postnatal bereavement stress moderately increases the risk of offspring suicide attempt, completed suicide and ASD. Smaller previous studies may have overestimated associations between early stress and psychopathological outcomes. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic |
| 6 | Schizophr. Res. 2015 Oct 168: 161-7 |
| PMID | 26363968 |
| Title | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, methylphenidate use and the risk of developing schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. |
| Abstract | This study estimated the risk of developing psychotic disorders by comparing children with ADHD to non-ADHD controls, and to examine whether methylphenidate (MPH) treatment influences the risks of psychotic disorders. A nationwide cohort of patients who were newly diagnosed with ADHD (n=73,049) and age- and gender-matched controls (n=73,049) were selected from Taiwan's National Health Insurance database from January 2000 to December 2011. All participants were observed until December 31, 2011. Cox regression models were used to estimate the effects of ADHD diagnosis and MPH use on subsequent outcomes. Having a diagnosis of any psychotic disorder and of schizophrenia were set as two different outcomes and were analyzed separately. Compared to the control group, the ADHD group showed significantly increased risk of developing any psychotic disorder (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 5.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.30-6.30) and schizophrenia (AHR, 4.65; 95% CI, 3.59-6.04). Compared to ADHD patients without psychosis, patients with ADHD who developed psychosis had significantly older age at first diagnosis of ADHD (9.4±3.3years vs. 10.6±4.0years). Among patients with ADHD, MPH use significantly increased the risk of developing any psychotic disorder (AHR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.04-1.40), but did not increase the risk of developing schizophrenia (AHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.94-1.42). The results indicated that previous diagnoses of ADHD are a powerful indicator of developing psychotic disorders. Nevertheless, the specific mechanisms of the relationships between ADHD, MPH use and psychotic disorders need further elucidation in future clinical studies. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic |
| 7 | J Headache Pain 2015 -1 16: 64 |
| PMID | 26174508 |
| Title | Risk of psychiatric disorders following trigeminal neuralgia: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. |
| Abstract | TN is one of the most common causes of facial pain. A higher prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidities, especially depressive disorder, has been proven in patients with TN; however, a clear temporal-causal relationship between TN and specific psychiatric disorders has not been well established. We performed a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study to explore the relationship between TN and the subsequent development of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and sleep disorder. We identified subjects who were newly diagnosed with TN between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2010 in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. A comparison cohort was constructed for patients without TN who were matched according to age and sex. All TN and control patients were observed until diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, death, withdrawal from the National Health Institute system, or until December 31, 2010. The TN cohort consisted of 3273 patients, and the comparison cohort consisted of 13,092 matched control patients without TN. The adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) of depressive disorder, anxiety disorder and sleep disorder in subjects with TN was higher than that of the controls during the follow-up [AHR: 2.85 (95% confidence interval: 2.11-3.85), AHR: 2.98 (95% confidence interval: 2.12-4.18) and AHR: 2.17 (95% confidence interval: 1.48-3.19), respectively]. TN might increase the risk of subsequent newly diagnosed depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and sleep disorder, but not schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Additional prospective studies are required to confirm these findings. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic |
| 8 | J Clin Sleep Med 2015 May 11: 543-51 |
| PMID | 25766696 |
| Title | Risk of psychiatric disorders in patients with chronic insomnia and sedative-hypnotic prescription: a nationwide population-based follow-up study. |
| Abstract | Previous epidemiological studies have established insomnia as a major risk factor for mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. However, the associations between insomnia with sedative-hypnotic prescriptions and various psychiatric disorders have not been thoroughly examined. The current study involved evaluating the risk of psychiatric disorders, namely schizophrenia, mood, anxiety, somatoform, and substance-related disorders, over a 6-y follow-up period in three groups: patients with insomnia and sedative-hypnotic prescriptions (Inso-Hyp), those with insomnia and without sedative-hypnotic prescriptions (Inso-NonHyp), and those with neither insomnia nor sedative-hypnotic prescriptions (NonInso-NonHyp). We used a historical cohort study design to compare the risk of psychiatric disorders among the three groups. Data regarding these patients were derived from reimbursement claims recorded in Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to compare the 6-y risk of subsequent psychiatric disorders among the Inso-Hyp, Inso-NonHyp, and NonInso-NonHyp groups. Compared with the Inso-NonHyp and NonInso-NonHyp group patients, the Inso-Hyp group patients exhibited a higher risk of psychiatric disorders, particularly bipolar disorders (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]: 7.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.31-10.89 and AHR: 14.69; 95% CI: 11.11-19.43, respectively). Moreover, among the Inso-Hyp patient group, insomnia prescribed with benzodiazepine, a longer duration of sedative-hypnotic action, and higher doses of sedativehypnotics were significantly associated with a higher risk of depressive and anxiety disorders. The Inso-Hyp group exhibited a higher risk of developing psychiatric disorders than did the Inso-NonHyp and NonInso-NonHyp groups. The results regarding patients with insomnia and sedative-hypnotic prescriptions associated with the risk of psychiatric disorders can serve as a reference for care providers when managing sleep disturbances. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic |
| 9 | World Psychiatry 2015 Feb 14: 56-63 |
| PMID | 25655159 |
| Title | Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors and events associated with second-generation antipsychotic compared to antidepressant use in a non-elderly adult sample: results from a claims-based inception cohort study. |
| Abstract | This is a study of the metabolic and distal cardiovascular/cerebrovascular outcomes associated with the use of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) compared to antidepressants (ADs) in adults aged 18-65 years, based on data from Thomson Reuters MarketScan® Research Databases 2006-2010, a commercial U.S. claims database. Interventions included clinicians' choice treatment with SGAs (allowing any comedications) versus ADs (not allowing SGAs). The primary outcomes of interest were time to inpatient or outpatient claims for the following diagnoses within one year of SGA or AD discontinuation: hypertension, ischemic and hypertensive heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Secondary outcomes included the same diagnoses at last follow-up time point, i.e., not censoring observations at 365 days after SGA or AD discontinuation. Cox regression models, adjusted for age, gender, diagnosis of schizophrenia and mood disorders, and number of medical comorbidities, were run. Among 284,234 individuals, those within one year of exposure to SGAs versus ADs showed a higher risk of essential hypertension (adjusted hazard ratio, AHR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.12-1.21, p<0.0001), diabetes mellitus (AHR=1.43, CI: 1.33-1.53, p<0.0001), hypertensive heart disease (AHR=1.34, CI: 1.10-1.63, p<0.01), stroke (AHR=1.46, CI: 1.22-1.75, p<0.0001), coronary artery disease (AHR=1.17, CI: 1.05-1.30, p<0.01), and hyperlipidemia (AHR=1.12, CI: 1.07-1.17, p<0.0001). Unrestricted follow-up results were consistent with within one-year post-exposure results. Increased risk for stroke with SGAs has previously only been demonstrated in elderly patients, usually with dementia. This study documents, for the first time, a significantly increased risk for stroke and coronary artery disease in a non-elderly adult sample with SGA use. We also confirm a significant risk for adverse metabolic outcomes. These findings raise concerns about the longer-term safety of SGAs, given their widespread and chronic use. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic |
| 10 | Int J Eat Disord 2015 May 48: 383-91 |
| PMID | 24965548 |
| Title | Parental mental illness and eating disorders in offspring. |
| Abstract | To investigate which parental mental illnesses are associated with eating disorders in their offspring. We used data from a record-linkage cohort study of 158,679 children aged 12-24 years at the end of follow-up, resident in Stockholm County from 2001 to 2007, to investigate whether different parental mental illnesses are risk factors for eating disorders in their offspring. The outcome measure was diagnosis of any eating disorder, either from an ICD or DSM-IV code, or inferred from an appointment at a specialist eating disorder clinic. Mental illness in parents is a risk factor for eating disorders in female offspring (Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) 1.57 (95% CI 1.42, 1.92), p?AHR 2.28 (95% CI 1.39, 3.72), p?=?0.004), personality disorder (AHR 1.57 (95% CI 1.01, 2.44), p?=?0.043) or anxiety/depression (AHR 1.57 (95% CI 1.32, 1.86), p?schizophrenia (AHR 1.41 (95% CI 0.96, 2.07), p?=?0.08), and somatoform disorder (AHR 1.25 (95% CI 0.74, 2.13), p?=?0.40). There is no support for a relationship between parental substance misuse and eating disorders in children (AHR 1.08 (95% CI 0.82, 1.43), p?=?0.57). Parental mental illness, specifically parental anxiety, depression, bipolar affective disorder, and personality disorders, are risk factors for eating disorders in their offspring. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic |
| 11 | J Clin Psychiatry 2016 May 77: e573-9 |
| PMID | 27249081 |
| Title | Comparative risk of seizure with use of first- and second-generation antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia and mood disorders. |
| Abstract | To compare the risk of antipsychotic-related seizure (ARS) by identifying seizures first diagnosed within 12 months after starting new antipsychotics, using a 12-year total population health claims database from Taiwan. Seizure events were identified through emergency department visits or hospitalization with a diagnosis of convulsion (ICD-9-CM: 780.3) or epilepsy (ICD-9-CM: 345). Subjects had an ICD-9-CM diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, or major depressive disorders. Incidence rates of ARS were calculated by person-years of exposure. The ARS risk, adjusted for patient characteristics and medical conditions, of individual antipsychotics versus risperidone was examined by high-dimensional propensity score stratification analyses, followed by sensitivity analyses. The overall 1-year incidence rate of ARS was 9.6 (95% CI, 8.8-10.4) per 1,000 person-years (550 ARS events among 288,397 new antipsychotic users). First-generation antipsychotics were marginally associated with a higher ARS risk than second-generation antipsychotics (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 1.34; 95% CI, 0.99-1.81; P = .061). Most antipsychotics, first- or second-generation, had comparable ARS risks versus risperidone. Notably, clozapine (AHR = 3.06; 95% CI, 1.40-6.71), thioridazine (AHR = 2.90; 95% CI, 1.65-5.10), chlorprothixene (AHR = 2.60; 95% CI, 1.04-6.49), and haloperidol (AHR = 2.34; 95% CI, 1.48-3.71) had higher ARS risks than risperidone, whereas aripiprazole (AHR = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.17-1.00; P = .050) had a marginally lower ARS risk. Sensitivity analyses largely confirmed such findings. Higher vigilance for ARS is warranted during use of clozapine, chlorprothixene, thioridazine, and haloperidol. The possible lower ARS risk associated with aripiprazole can be clinically significant but needs to be confirmed by larger-scale systematic studies. The comparative ARS risks of antipsychotics supplement empirical knowledge for making judicious choices in prescribing antipsychotics. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic |
| 12 | Schizophr Bull 2016 May 42: 703-11 |
| PMID | 26721264 |
| Title | Association Between Antipsychotic Treatment and Advanced Diabetes Complications Among Schizophrenia Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. |
| Abstract | Antipsychotic drug use is an established risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the effect of antipsychotic drug on the progression of diabetes complications remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between antipsychotic treatment and advanced diabetes outcome among schizophrenia patients with type 2 diabetes. The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study using Taiwan's universal health insurance database. A total of 17 629 schizophrenia patients with newly-diagnosed diabetes were enrolled. The mean duration of follow-up, after excluding the first 6-month observation period, was 4.8 years, ranged from 1 month to 11.5 years. Antipsychotic treatment patterns within a 6-month time window were classified into none, irregular use, and regular use. Antipsychotics were further categorized into the high, intermediate, and low metabolic risks. The status of exposure was treated as time-dependent variables. The outcomes measures included any advanced diabetes complications, macrovascular and microvascular complications, and all-cause mortality. Compared to no antipsychotic treatment in the past 6 months, regular antipsychotic use was associated with a lower risk of any advanced diabetes complications (adjusted hazard ratio, AHR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.69-0.95), macrovascular complications (AHR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66-0.97), and all-cause mortality (AHR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.62-0.85). The hazard ratios for advanced diabetes complications with regular use of antipsychotics with a high, intermediate, and low metabolic risk were 0.69 (95% CI = 0.53-0.91), 0.82 (95% CI = 0.68-0.99), and 0.85 (95% CI = 0.70-1.02), respectively. Regular antipsychotic treatment in the past 6 months was associated with reduced risks of any diabetes complications, compared to no antipsychotic treatment. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic |
| 13 | Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2016 Feb 25: 123-32 |
| PMID | 26549190 |
| Title | Comparative risk of oral ulcerations among antipsychotics users - population-based retrospective cohort study. |
| Abstract | The study aimed to evaluate the comparative risk of oral ulcerations among antipsychotic medications. We analyzed the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan and included patients newly initiated with a single antipsychotic agent including haloperidol, sulpiride, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, or amisulpride during 2002 to 2010. The outcome of interest was oral ulceration, defined by the presence diagnoses of stomatitis and mucositis, aphthous-like ulceration and oral burns, or dispensing of stomatological corticosteroids included triamcinolone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and prednisolone. We conducted Cox proportional hazards regression to compare the risks of oral ulceration among antipsychotics. The rate of oral ulcerations was highest in the amisulpride group (217.7 per 1000 person-year), followed by quetiapine (193.9 per 1000 person-year), olanzapine (161.9 per 1000 person-year), sulpiride (147.1 per 1000 person-year), risperidone (115.6 per 1000 person-year), haloperidol (107.5 per 1000 person-year) and aripiprazole (49.8 per 1000 person-year). Compared with haloperidol users, the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) was 1.40 (95% CI, 1.12-1.73) in olanzapine, 1.48 (95% CI, 1.30-1.69) in quetiapine, 1.27 (95% CI, 1.19-1.44) in sulpiride, 1.68 (95% CI, 0.97-2.59) in amisulpride, 1.02 (95% CI, 0.83-1.45) in risperidone, and 0.41 (95% CI, 0.24-0.72) in aripiprazole users by Cox regression model. Olanzapine, quetiapine, and sulpiride posed a higher risk, while aripiprazole posed a lower risk of oral ulcerations compared with haloperidol in subjects with newly initiated antipsychotic therapy. Risperidone and amisulpride tended to have higher risk of oral ulcerations, but this was not statistically significant. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic |