| 1 | J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2002 -1 50: 457-82 |
|---|---|
| PMID | 12206540 |
| Title | Quantitative research on the primary process: method and findings. |
| Abstract | Freud always defined the primary process metapsychologically, but he described the ways it shows up in dreams, parapraxes, jokes, and symptoms with enough observational detail to make it possible to create an objective, reliable scoring system to measure its manifesTATions in Rorschach responses, dreams, TAT stories, free associations, and other verbal texts. That system can identify signs of the thinker's efforts, adaptive or maladaptive, to control or defend against the emergence of primary process. A prerequisite and a consequence of the research that used this system was clarification and elaboration of the psychoanalytic theory of thinking. Results of empirical tests of several propositions derived from psychoanalytic theory are summarized. Predictions concerning the method's most useful index, of adaptive vs. maladaptive regression, have been repeatedly verified: People who score high on this index (who are able to produce well-controlled "primary products" in their Rorschach responses), as compared to those who score at the maladaptive pole (producing primary-process-filled responses with poor reality testing, anxiety, and pathological defensive efforts), are better able to tolerate sensory deprivation, are more able to enter special sTATes of consciousness comfortably (drug-induced, hypnotic, etc.), and have higher achievements in artistic creativity, while schizophrenics tend to score at the extreme of maladaptive regression. Capacity for adaptive regression also predicts success in psychotherapy, and rises with the degree of improvement after both psychotherapy and drug treatment. Some predictive failures have been theoretically interesting: Kris's hypothesis about creativity and the controlled use of primary process holds for males but usually not for females. This body of work is presented as a refuTATion of charges, brought by such critics as Crews, that psychoanalysis cannot become a science. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 2 | Schizophr Bull 2004 -1 30: 957-67 |
| PMID | 15954201 |
| Title | Sleep in untreated patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. |
| Abstract | The present meta-analysis investigated the characteristics of sleep in patients with schizophrenia without neuroleptic treatment at the time of sleep recording. The 20 selected studies included 652 participants (321 patients with schizophrenia and 331 healthy subjects). Effect sizes were evaluated using d values for the following sleep variables: sleep latency (SL), total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency index (SEI), total awake time (TAT), stage 2 percentage (S2%), stage 4 percentage, slow-wave-sleep percentage, rapid-eye-movement (REM) percentage, and REM latency. The initial meta-analysis revealed that patients with schizophrenia have the following sleep disorders: increased SL, decreased TST, and decreased SEI. A moderator analysis revealed that these sleep disorders were worse for the neuroleptic-withdrawal group relative to the never-treated group. However, only never-treated patients showed significantly increased TAT and diminished S2%. These results confirm that patients with schizophrenia have sleep disorders that are not necessarily a consequence of neuroleptic treatments, suggesting that sleep disorders are an intrinsic feature of schizophrenia. However, it must be noted that some sleep disorders may be amplified by residual effects of neuroleptic withdrawal, while others appear to be dampened by neuroleptic treatment. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 3 | Georgian Med News 2006 Aug -1: 55-8 |
| PMID | 16980745 |
| Title | [Clinical features of cannabis psychosis in schizophrenia patients]. |
| Abstract | Available information regarding the clinical features of cannabis-induced psychoses among schizophrenia patients is rather odd and even discrepant. For thorough investigation psychopathology due to marijuana intoxication, we examine two groups of schizophrenia patients. I group--14 patients, who had long history of cannabis use before developing schizophrenia, and II group--schizophrenic patients, who already had schizophrenia and later became marijuana users. Clinical study allowed us to determine the general psychopathological symptoms due to acute intoxication on the one hand, reflecting duration and severity of intoxication, and let us to verify specific mental problems connected to the dynamics of schizophrenia, on the other hand. Peculiar properties of the data of the experimental-psychological tests TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) reflect personality changes generated by schizophrenia progression included the psychopathological phenomenon related to cannabis intoxication. Psychopharmacological treatment brought positive changes in structure and thematic features of the data. The patients used more words. The content and the volume of the stories increased. Trends to improvement were more common for recurrent rather than continuous duration of schizophrenia. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 4 | Georgian Med News 2006 Aug -1: 55-8 |
| PMID | 16980745 |
| Title | [Clinical features of cannabis psychosis in schizophrenia patients]. |
| Abstract | Available information regarding the clinical features of cannabis-induced psychoses among schizophrenia patients is rather odd and even discrepant. For thorough investigation psychopathology due to marijuana intoxication, we examine two groups of schizophrenia patients. I group--14 patients, who had long history of cannabis use before developing schizophrenia, and II group--schizophrenic patients, who already had schizophrenia and later became marijuana users. Clinical study allowed us to determine the general psychopathological symptoms due to acute intoxication on the one hand, reflecting duration and severity of intoxication, and let us to verify specific mental problems connected to the dynamics of schizophrenia, on the other hand. Peculiar properties of the data of the experimental-psychological tests TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) reflect personality changes generated by schizophrenia progression included the psychopathological phenomenon related to cannabis intoxication. Psychopharmacological treatment brought positive changes in structure and thematic features of the data. The patients used more words. The content and the volume of the stories increased. Trends to improvement were more common for recurrent rather than continuous duration of schizophrenia. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 5 | Schizophr Bull 2008 May 34: 515-22 |
| PMID | 17942480 |
| Title | The dream as a model for psychosis: an experimental approach using bizarreness as a cognitive marker. |
| Abstract | Many previous observers have reported some qualiTATive similarities between the normal mental sTATe of dreaming and the abnormal mental sTATe of psychosis. Recent psychological, tomographic, electrophysiological, and neurochemical data appear to confirm the functional similarities between these 2 sTATes. In this study, the hypothesis of the dreaming brain as a neurobiological model for psychosis was tested by focusing on cognitive bizarreness, a distinctive property of the dreaming mental sTATe defined by discontinuities and incongruities in the dream plot, thoughts, and feelings. Cognitive bizarreness was measured in written reports of dreams and in verbal reports of waking fantasies in 30 schizophrenics and 30 normal controls. Seven pictures of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) were administered as a stimulus to elicit waking fantasies, and all participating subjects were asked to record their dreams upon awakening. A total of 420 waking fantasies plus 244 dream reports were collected to quantify the bizarreness features in the dream and waking sTATe of both subject groups. Two-way analysis of covariance for repeated measures showed that cognitive bizarreness was significantly lower in the TAT stories of normal subjects than in those of schizophrenics and in the dream reports of both groups. The differences between the 2 groups indicated that, under experimental conditions, the waking cognition of schizophrenic subjects shares a common degree of formal cognitive bizarreness with the dream reports of both normal controls and schizophrenics. Though very preliminary, these results support the hypothesis that the dreaming brain could be a useful experimental model for psychosis. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 6 | Schizophr Bull 2008 May 34: 515-22 |
| PMID | 17942480 |
| Title | The dream as a model for psychosis: an experimental approach using bizarreness as a cognitive marker. |
| Abstract | Many previous observers have reported some qualiTATive similarities between the normal mental sTATe of dreaming and the abnormal mental sTATe of psychosis. Recent psychological, tomographic, electrophysiological, and neurochemical data appear to confirm the functional similarities between these 2 sTATes. In this study, the hypothesis of the dreaming brain as a neurobiological model for psychosis was tested by focusing on cognitive bizarreness, a distinctive property of the dreaming mental sTATe defined by discontinuities and incongruities in the dream plot, thoughts, and feelings. Cognitive bizarreness was measured in written reports of dreams and in verbal reports of waking fantasies in 30 schizophrenics and 30 normal controls. Seven pictures of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) were administered as a stimulus to elicit waking fantasies, and all participating subjects were asked to record their dreams upon awakening. A total of 420 waking fantasies plus 244 dream reports were collected to quantify the bizarreness features in the dream and waking sTATe of both subject groups. Two-way analysis of covariance for repeated measures showed that cognitive bizarreness was significantly lower in the TAT stories of normal subjects than in those of schizophrenics and in the dream reports of both groups. The differences between the 2 groups indicated that, under experimental conditions, the waking cognition of schizophrenic subjects shares a common degree of formal cognitive bizarreness with the dream reports of both normal controls and schizophrenics. Though very preliminary, these results support the hypothesis that the dreaming brain could be a useful experimental model for psychosis. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 7 | J. Physiol. Paris 2010 Nov 104: 257-62 |
| PMID | 20816773 |
| Title | Psychodynamic-oriented psychological assessment predicts evolution to schizophrenia at 8-year follow-up in adolescents hospitalized for a manic/mixed episode: interest of an overall subjective rating. |
| Abstract | Little is known concerning the prognostic significance of manic/mixed episodes in adolescents. In particular, whether the use of psychodynamic-oriented projective psychological testing predicts evolution to schizophrenia at follow-up has not been established. Eighty subjects, aged 12-20years old, consecutively hospitalized for a manic or mixed episode between 1994 and 2003 were recruited. All patients were contacted in 2005-2006 for a follow-up assessment. For the subgroup of adolescents (N=40) who had psychodynamic-oriented psychological testing (Rorschach and TAT), two scores regarding psychosocial risk and schizophrenia risk were computed using the clinical global impression (CGI) assessment based on an overall subjective rating given by a panel of expert psychologists who reviewed all protocols. At follow-up (average 8years), 25 (62.5%) patients, 16 females and nine males, were assessed: 14 still had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder; eight changed to schizo-affective disorder and three to schizophrenia. Inter-rater reliability of both CGI-risk scores (psychosocial risk and schizophrenia risk) showed good clinical consensus with intraclass correlation and Kappa scores ranging from 0.53 to 0.75. Univariate analysis showed that CGI-psychosocial risk score (p=0.017), type of index episode (p=0.049) and CGI-schizophrenia risk score (p=0.09) were associated with transition to schizophrenia spectrum disorder at follow-up. Age, sex, socioeconomic sTATus, duration of stay and the presence of psychotic features at index episode were not associated with the transition. We conclude that the CGI assessment appears to be valid to score risk of poor outcome using psychodynamic-oriented psychological testing and that these scores may predict, in part, the transition to schizophrenia in adolescents with a history of manic/mixed episode. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 8 | Encephale 2011 May 37 Suppl 1: S19-26 |
| PMID | 21600329 |
| Title | [Early dropout patients in psychiatric psychosocial rehabilitation treatment and their bindings with relational skills, object relation and intensity of psychopathology]. |
| Abstract | Between 30 and 60% of patients drop-out of institutional psychiatric treatment. There are few studies on this issue and these have not provided a clear understanding of this fact. Although it is a different therapeutic setting, there are many studies on patients' dropout in psychotherapy: the influence of many patient sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, diagnostic, were studied without providing strong and regular links with early dropout. Other, more relational variables (such as object relation and interpersonal functioning), gave stronger results although insufficiently confirmed by different studies. A third kind of variable involves the concrete relationship between patient and therapist (therapeutic alliance, patient's expecTATions) and provided interesting results (but not easy to use in institutional treatment). The aim of this study is to provide data to understand patients' institutional dropout in a French psychiatric centre. The latter's aim is psychosocial rehabiliTATion for schizophrenic and borderline patients. Thirty percent of these dropout during psychosocial treatment. According to the specificities and aims of this psychiatric centre, we hypothesize that there are strong links between relational dimensions (objet relation, interpersonal functioning), subjective evaluation of pathology intensity, and early dropout. Thirty-one subjects; 65% schizophrenic, 23% borderline, 13% other (according to the ICD10 criteria); 71% females; mean age 34 years (min=23; max=55); mean education level=3.4 (2 years of high school university). to have dropped out before 6 months' of the treatment, or continuing the treatment after 6 months (mean of treatment for all patients=15 months). patients present in the service for less than 6 months). At the beginning of the treatment, each patient (informed consent provided) underwent a psychological assessment with: Échelle d'aptitude psychosociale (EAPS) for assessing interactional functioning; SCL90-R for assessing the intensity of psychopathology; TAT (with Social Cognition and Object Relation Scale [SCORS] scales) and Rorschach (with Mutuality Of Autonomy [MOA] scale) for assessing object relations. After 6 months of treatment, each patient was evaluated with a five-point scale (dropout and continuity scale), which assessed the investment in the treatment (criteria: dropout at 3 or 6 months or continuity; according or not to the centre's professionals; level of assiduity). We have correlated this variable with EAPS, SCORS and MOA. In addition, we have calculated sTATistical relationships between age, gender, diagnostic, education level and early dropout. Correlation was found neither between interactional functioning (EAPS) and dropout nor between object relations (SCORS and MOA) and dropout. Correlations were found between the dropout and intensity of the psychopathology (SCL90-R): the more the patient sees himself suffering, the more he invests the centre and the less he drops out (Spearman R=0.37, P<0.05). No differences were found between the dropout (N=10) and continuity group (N=21) regarding age, gender and diagnostic. However, a correlation was found regarding the education level: the more patients are educated, the more they continue the treatment (R=0.45; P<0.05). The dropout (and the continuity of treatment) seems more likely related to concrete variables such as psychological and relational suffering, educational level in this study, than structural psychological variables such as object relation, relational skills, and diagnostic. Other studies are necessary for a better understanding of these drops out. An interesting way should be the study in institution of the therapeutic alliance. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 9 | Psychiatry Res 2011 Sep 189: 195-9 |
| PMID | 21435729 |
| Title | Bizarreness in dream reports and waking fantasies of psychotic schizophrenic and manic patients: empirical evidences and theoretical consequences. |
| Abstract | Several overlapping features have frequently been described between psychosis and the subjective experience of dreaming from the neurobiological to the phenomenological level, but whether this similarity reflects the cognitive organization of schizophrenic thought or rather that of psychotic menTATion independent of diagnostic categories is still unclear. In this study, 40 actively psychotic inpatients were equally divided in two age- and education-matched groups according to their diagnosis (schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder). Participants were asked to report their dreams upon awakening and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was administered to elicit waking fantasies; the same procedure was used in a control group of 20 non-psychiatric subjects. Two highly trained judges scored the collected material according to a Dream Bizarreness scale. The same level of cognitive bizarreness was found in TAT and dream reports of schizophrenic and manic subjects but was almost completely absent in the TAT stories of the control group. Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures assessed the effect of diagnosis and experimental conditions (TAT stories and dream reports) on bizarreness yielding a significant interaction. Cognitive bizarreness seems to be a shared feature of dreaming and psychotic menTATion, beyond diagnostic categorizations. Although these findings must be considered preliminary, this experimental measure of the cognitive architecture of thought processes seems to support the view that dreaming could be a useful model for the psychoses. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 10 | Psychiatry Res 2011 Sep 189: 195-9 |
| PMID | 21435729 |
| Title | Bizarreness in dream reports and waking fantasies of psychotic schizophrenic and manic patients: empirical evidences and theoretical consequences. |
| Abstract | Several overlapping features have frequently been described between psychosis and the subjective experience of dreaming from the neurobiological to the phenomenological level, but whether this similarity reflects the cognitive organization of schizophrenic thought or rather that of psychotic menTATion independent of diagnostic categories is still unclear. In this study, 40 actively psychotic inpatients were equally divided in two age- and education-matched groups according to their diagnosis (schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder). Participants were asked to report their dreams upon awakening and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was administered to elicit waking fantasies; the same procedure was used in a control group of 20 non-psychiatric subjects. Two highly trained judges scored the collected material according to a Dream Bizarreness scale. The same level of cognitive bizarreness was found in TAT and dream reports of schizophrenic and manic subjects but was almost completely absent in the TAT stories of the control group. Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures assessed the effect of diagnosis and experimental conditions (TAT stories and dream reports) on bizarreness yielding a significant interaction. Cognitive bizarreness seems to be a shared feature of dreaming and psychotic menTATion, beyond diagnostic categorizations. Although these findings must be considered preliminary, this experimental measure of the cognitive architecture of thought processes seems to support the view that dreaming could be a useful model for the psychoses. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 11 | Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2013 Aug 228: 451-61 |
| PMID | 23494232 |
| Title | Acute ketamine induces hippocampal synaptic depression and spatial memory impairment through dopamine D1/D5 receptors. |
| Abstract | Subanesthetic doses of ketamine have been reported to induce psychotic sTATes that may mimic positive and negative symptoms as well as cognitive and memory deficits similar to those observed in schizophrenia. The cognitive and memory deficits are persistent, and their underlying cellular mechanisms remain unclear. We sought to investigate the roles of dopamine D1/D5 receptors and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in hippocampal synaptic transmission and spatial memory impairment induced by ketamine. We examined the effects of subanesthetic ketamine on hippocampal synaptic transmission in freely moving rats. Spatial memory was tested with the Morris water maze. Pretreatment with the D1/D5 receptors antagonist SCH23390 or the AMPA receptors endocytosis interfering peptide TAT-GluR23Y was conducted to examine their capacities to reverse ketamine-induced electrophysiological and behavioral alterations. A series of behavioral observations, including locomotion, prepulse inhibition, and social interaction, were also conducted after ketamine treatment. Ketamine induced synaptic depression lasting at least 4 h at hippocampal Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in freely moving rats and long-term spatial memory impairment. Both the effects were blocked by either SCH23390 or TAT-GluR23Y. Ketamine also elicited transient behavioral changes lasting less than 90 min, such as hyperlocomotion and prepulse inhibition deficits. These changes were ameliorated by SCH23390 but not by TAT-GluR23Y. Rats treated with ketamine showed social withdrawal that was also attenuated by either SCH23390 or TAT-GluR23Y. Our results indicate that hippocampal synaptic depression is involved in ketamine-induced memory impairment, and this is modulated by D1/D5 receptors activation and AMPA receptors endocytosis. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 12 | Encephale 2013 Jun 39: 198-204 |
| PMID | 23095593 |
| Title | [On the dynamics of psychological functioning through speech analysing]. |
| Abstract | The aim of this study is to focus on the clinical aspects of four linguistic indicators that emerge from automatic speech analysis. From a theoretical point of view, the number of proposals deals with cognitive activity, the number of modelizations with emotional activity, the number of connections with judgment activity and the number of action verbs can refer to behavioral activity. To test these hypotheses we have studied two protocols of Thematic Aperception Test (TAT) randomized from non-clinical groups for the former and from a group of schizophrenic patients for the latter. The outcomes regarding the non-clinical protocols lead to the conclusion that the four indicators are coherent (?=0.93) and correlated; this confirms the clinical data on the cohesive personality of this young lady. The absence of correlations within the schizophrenic protocols reflects the dissociative syndrome of this patient. Finally, the study of the dynamics of this protocol, using our four linguistic criteria, confirms both the affective indifference and the increase of behavioral activity of this patient when the mentalization fails. After discussion and despite its capacity to describe clinical cases, the validity of this method needs to be completed (by relating the language indicators to production time stories) in further explorations, even if its reliability is good (?=0.93). |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 13 | Neuropsychopharmacology 2014 Dec 39: 2963-73 |
| PMID | 24917197 |
| Title | Impaired adrenergic-mediated plasticity of prefrontal cortical glutamate synapses in rats with developmental disruption of the ventral hippocampus. |
| Abstract | Neonatal ventral hippocampus (nVH) lesion in rats is a useful model to study developmental origins of adult cognitive deficits and certain features of schizophrenia. nVH lesion-induced reorganization of exciTATory and inhibitory neurotransmissions within prefrontal cortical (PFC) circuits is widely believed to be responsible for many of the behavioral abnormalities in these animals. Here we provide evidence that development of an aberrant medial PFC (mPFC) ?-1 adrenergic receptor (?-1AR) function following neonatal lesion markedly affects glutamatergic synaptic plasticity within PFC microcircuits and contributes to PFC-related behavior abnormalities. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recording, we report that norepinephrine-induced ?-1AR-dependent long-term depression (LTD) in a subset of cortico-cortical glutamatergic inputs is strikingly diminished in mPFC slices from nVH-lesioned rats. The LTD impairment occurs in conjunction with completely blunted ?-1AR signaling through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. These ?-1AR abnormalities have functional significance in a mPFC-related function, that is, extinction of conditioned fear memory. Post-pubertal animals with nVH lesion show significant resistance to extinction of fear by repeated presenTATions of the conditioned tone stimulus. mPFC infusion of an ?-1AR antagonist (benoxathian) or LTD blocking peptide (TAT-GluR23Y) impaired fear extinction in sham controls, but had no significant effect in the lesioned animals. The data suggest that impaired ?-1 adrenergic regulation of cortical glutamatergic synaptic plasticity may be an important mechanism in cognitive dysfunctions reported in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 14 | J. Neurosci. 2015 May 35: 7349-64 |
| PMID | 25972165 |
| Title | Unexpected Heterodivalent Recruitment of NOS1AP to nNOS Reveals Multiple Sites for Pharmacological Intervention in Neuronal Disease Models. |
| Abstract | The protein NOS1AP/CAPON mediates signaling from a protein complex of NMDA receptor, PSD95 and nNOS. The only stroke trial for neuroprotectants that showed benefit to patients targeted this ternary complex. NOS1AP/nNOS interaction regulates small GTPases, iron transport, p38MAPK-linked excitotoxicity, and anxiety. Moreover, the nos1ap gene is linked to disorders from schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and autism to cardiovascular disorders and breast cancer. Understanding protein interactions required for NOS1AP function, therefore, has broad implications for numerous diseases. Here we show that the interaction of NOS1AP with nNOS differs radically from the classical PDZ docking assumed to be responsible. The NOS1AP PDZ motif does not bind nNOS as measured by multiple methods. In contrast, full-length NOS1AP forms an unusually stable interaction with nNOS. We mapped the discrepancy between full-length and C-terminal PDZ motif to a novel internal region we call the ExF motif. The C-terminal PDZ motif, although neither sufficient nor necessary for binding, nevertheless promotes the stability of the complex. It therefore potentially affects signal transduction and suggests that functional interaction of nNOS with NOS1AP might be targetable at two distinct sites. We demonstrate that excitotoxic pathways can be regulated, in cortical neuron and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures from rat, either by the previously described PDZ ligand TAT-GESV or by the ExF motif-bearing region of NOS1AP, even when lacking the critical PDZ residues as long as the ExF motif is intact and not muTATed. This previously unrecognized heterodivalent interaction of nNOS with NOS1AP may therefore provide distinct opportunities for pharmacological intervention in NOS1AP-dependent signaling and excitotoxicity. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |